Smart City Puebla: measuring smartness
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5585/riae.v20i1.15793Keywords:
Smart city, Principal components analysis, Inequality, Public services, Emerging marketsAbstract
Objective of the study: this empirical study revisits the meaning and scope of the ‘smart city’ concept, measuring ‘smartness’ in an emerging market setting.
Methodology / approach: a data reduction exercise is conducted through a principal component analysis of 22 smart city variables and a two-step cluster analysis for the 217 municipalities of the State of Puebla (Mexico), so as to identify the defining challenges to ‘smartness’ in a developing economy city.
Originality / Relevance: the prevailing models that measure urban ‘smartness’, notably Giffinger’s and Cities in Motion, arguably miss to capture the socioeconomic challenges of cities in a developing market context.
Main results: two distinctive factors emerge from the data reduction exercise, namely ‘marginalization’, referring to social and economic inequalities, and ‘access to services’, particularly public health and education, to define the challenges emerging market cities would need to address in their path to ‘smartness’.
Theoretical / methodological contributions: we introduce a revised approach to measure city ‘smartness’, claiming that access to public services (education and health) helps reduce social inequality and marginalization, which are core indicators to redefine smart cities in emerging markets.
Social / management contributions: even if the analysis is carried out on data from a single region, our findings could be a meaningful input to a more generalizable model to measure city ‘smartness’ in emerging markets, with implications to multiple stakeholders, particularly policy-makers, suggesting basic inequalities and access to education and health services should be addressed, before attempting to improve traditional smart city indicators.
Downloads
References
Alvarado, R. (2018). Ciudad inteligente y sostenible: Hacia un modelo de innovación inclusiva. Smart and sustentable city: Towards an inclusive innovation model. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/4990/499054325001.pdf.
Capdevila, I., & Zarlenga, M. (2015). Smart city or smart citizens? The Barcelona case. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2585682.
Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C., & Nijkamp, P. (2009). Smart cities in Europe (Serie Research Memoranda No. 0048). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/46433693_Smart_Cities_in_Europe
Cisco Systems. (n.d.). What is a smart city? https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/industries/smart-connected-communities/what-is-a-smart-city.html.
Consejo Nacional de Población [National Population Council]. (2010). Índice de marginación por entidad federativa y por municipio [Marginalization index by state and by municipality]. http://www.conapo.gob.mx/es/CONAPO/Indices_de_Marginacion_2010_por_entidad_federativa_y_municipio.
De Santis, R., Fasano, A., Mignolli, N., & Villa, A. (2014). Smart city: Fact and fiction. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/54536/.
Duranton, G. (2011). Innovation in cities: Classical and random urban growth models. In D. B. Audretsch, O. Falck, S. Heblich, & A. Lederer (Eds.), Handbook of research on innovation and entrepreneurship (pp. 137–149). Edward Elgar.
Feldman, M., & Avnimelech, G. (2011). Knowledge spillovers and the geography of innovation – revisited: A 20 years’ perspective on the field on geography of innovation. In D. B. Audretsch, O. Falck, S. Heblich, & A. Lederer (Eds.), Handbook of research on innovation and entrepreneurship (pp. 150–160). Edward Elgar.
Garcidueñas, S. (2019). Smart, competitive cities: The case of Puebla [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Wien Universität.
Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., & Meijers, E. (2007). City-ranking of European medium-sized cities. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313716484_City-ranking_of_European_medium-sized_cities.
Giovanella, C. (2013). “Territorial smartness” and emergent behaviors. http://www.mifav.uniroma2.it/download/Giovannella_k_teams_v2.pdf.
Glaeser, E., Resserger, M., & Tobio, K. (2009). Inequality in cities. Journal of Regional Science, 49, 617–646. https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/resseger/files/glaeserressegertobiojrs.pdf.
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2014). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson.
Hall, R. (2000, September 28). The vision of a smart city. Presentation at the 2nd International Life Extension Technology Workshop, Paris, France.
Halleux, M., & Estache, A. (2018). How “smart” are Latin American cities? (Working Paper No. ECARS 2018-05). https://ideas.repec.org/p/eca/wpaper/2013-267226.html.
Harrison, C., Eckman, B., Hamilton, R., Hartswick, J., Kalagnanam, J., Paraszczka, J., & Williams, P. (2010). Foundations for smarter cities. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 54(4), 1–16.
Hollands, R. (2008). Will the real smart city please stand up? Intelligent, progressive or entrepreneurial? City, 12(3), 303–320.
IESE Business School, University of Navarra. (2014). IESE cities in motion: Methodology and modeling index 2014. https://media.iese.edu/research/pdfs/ST-0335-E.pdf.
IESE Business School, University of Navarra. (2015). IESE cities in motion index. https://media.iese.edu/research/pdfs/ST-0366-E.pdf.
IESE Business School, University of Navarra. (2017). IESE cities in motion index. https://media.iese.edu/research/pdfs/ST-0442-E.pdf.
IESE Business School, University of Navarra. (2018). IESE cities in motion index. https://media.iese.edu/research/pdfs/ST-0471-E.pdf.
Kanter, R. M., & Litow, S. S. (2009). Informed and interconnected: A manifesto for smarter cities (Working Paper No. 09-141). Harvard Business School. http://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20Files/09-141.pdf.
Karamizadeh, S., Abduhlla, S., Manaf, Z., Zamani, M., & Hooman, A. (2013). An overview of principal component analysis. Journal of Signal and Information Processing, 2013(4), 173–175.
Komninos, N. (2008). Intelligent cities and globalization of innovation networks. Taylor & Francis.
Lazaroiu, C., & Roscia, M. (2018). Smart resilient city and IoT towards sustainability of Africa. 7th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications (ICRERA), 1292–1298.
Lombardi, P., Giordano, S., Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C., Deakin, M., Nijkamp, P., & Kourtit, K. (2011). An advanced triple-helix network model for smart cities performance (Research Memorandum No. 2011-45). Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241755976_An_Advanced_Triple-Helix_Network_Model_for_Smart_Cities_Performance.
Lombardi, P., Giordano, S., Farouh, H., & Yousef, W. (2012). Modelling the smart city performance. Innovation, 25(2), 137–149.
Secretaría de Gobernación [SEGOB]. (2019). Información general [General information]. www.conapo.gob.mx/es/CONAPO/Informacion_General.
Toppeta, D. (2010, October). The smart city vision: How innovation and ICT can build smart, “liveable”, sustainable cities (Think! Report No. 005/2010). The Innovation Knowledge Foundation. https://inta-aivn.org/images/cc/Urbanism/background%20documents/Toppeta_Report_005_2010.pdf.
Washburn, D., Sindhu, U., Balaouras, S., Dines, R. A., Hayes, N. M., & Nelson, L. (2010). Helping CIOs understand “smart city” initiatives: Defining the smart city, its drivers, and the role of the CIO. Forrester Research.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Iberoamerican Journal of Strategic Management (IJSM)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The author (s) authorize the publication of the manuscript in the journal;
The author (s) guarantee that the contribution is original and unpublished and that it is not being evaluated in another journal (s);
The journal is not responsible for the opinions, ideas and concepts emitted in the texts, as they are the sole responsibility of its author (s);
Editors reserve the right to make textual adjustments and adapt to the publication's rules.
Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right to first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License - 4.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) that allows the sharing of the work with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this magazine.
Authors are authorized to assume additional contracts separately, for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (eg, publishing in institutional repository or as a book chapter), with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are allowed and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (eg in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this can generate productive changes, as well as increase impact and citation of the published work (see “The Effect of Open Access” at http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation-biblio.html).
Authors can use ORCID for identification. An ORCID identifier is unique to an individual and acts as a persistent digital identifier to ensure that authors (particularly those with relatively common names) can be distinguished and their work appropriately assigned.