Experiência extraordinária da audiência brasileira da NFL: uma netnografia nas interações do Twitter
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5585/podium.v9i2.14505Palavras-chave:
NFL, Experiência extraordinária, Fãs, Prosunção, Netnografia.Resumo
Objetivo: Os telespectadores brasileiros da National Football League (NFL) são incentivados a repercutir sobre os jogos nas redes sociais, uma vez que as interações entre os consumidores mudam sua percepção sobre suas experiências. Assim, o objetivo da presente pesquisa é analisar como os telespectadores da NFL no Brasil expressam a experiência extraordinária de consumo a partir de interações virtuais definidas durante a transmissão de seus jogos.
Metodologia: Adotamos o método netnográfico, elaborado para investigar as práticas de consumo cultural que ocorrem em ambientes online. Nosso estudo cobre três temporadas da NFL, de 2016 a 2019. O corpus de pesquisa é composto por todos os tweets relacionados às hashtags propostas pelos canais da ESPN Brasil para reverberar suas transmissões da liga.
Originalidade/Relevância: A pesquisa apresenta como uma liga esportiva com repercussão midiática mundial propicia ao público uma experiência extraordinária não apenas pelo seu conteúdo, mas também pela interação on-line dos fãs através das mídias sociais.
Principais resultados: Os resultados evidenciam duas categorias de experiência extraordinária: uma apresenta caráter midiático e diz respeito à maneira como a NFL fornece uma experiência incomum de consumo para os telespectadores no Brasil, enquanto a outra destaca uma modalidade esportiva que se baseia em características um tanto incomuns para consumidores de esporte no país.
Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: A pesquisa indica como o consumo de uma modalidade esportiva por um público virtualmente mediado emula as emoções e o senso de coletividade expressos durante as experiências presenciais, ainda que requerendo a noção de espetáculo.
Downloads
Referências
Andrews, D. L., & Ritzer, G. (2018). Sport and prosumption. Jornaul of Consumer Culture, 18(2), 356–373. doi: 10.1177/1469540517747093
Arnould, E., & Thompson, C. J. (2007). Consumer culture theory (and we really mean theoretics): Dilemmas and opportunities posed by an academic branding strategy. In: R. Belk, and J. F. Sherry Jr. (Eds). Consumer culture theory. Elsevier, Oxford, UK.
Arnould, E., & C. J. Thompson. (2015). Introduction: Consumer Culture Theory: Ten Years Gone (and Beyond) Introduction: Consumer Culture Theory: Ten Years Gone (and Beyond). In: Anastasia E. Thyroff, Jeff B. Murray, & Russell W. Belk (Eds.) Research in Consumer Behavior: Consumer Culture Theory (No. 17, pp. 1-21), Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Arnould & Price (1993). River magic: Extraordinary experiences and the extended service encounter, Journal of Consumer Research, 20(1), 24–45. doi: 10.1086/209331
Arvidsson, A., & Caliandro, A. (2015). Brand Public. Journal of Consumer Research, 42(5), 727–748. doi: 10.1093/jcr/ucv053
Askegaard, S. (2014). Consumer culture theory: Neo-liberalism's 'useful idiots'? Marketing Theory, 14(4), 507–511. doi: 10.1177/1470593114545424
Bhattacharjee, A., & Mogilner, C. (2014). Happiness from Ordinary and Extraordinary Experiences. Journal of Consumer Research, 41(1), 1–17. doi: 10.1086/674724
Brakus, J. J., Schmitt, B. H., & Zarantonello, L. (2009). Brand Experience: What Is It? How Is It Measured? Does It Affect Loyalty? Journal of Marketing, 73(3), 52–68. doi: 10.1509/jmkg.73.3.052
Capital Mexico (2017). Super Bowl LI, lejos del récord de audiencia: Lady Gaga superó los 113.3 millones de televidentes que tuvo el Patriotas-Atlanta, available at: http://www.capitalmexico.com.mx/estadio/super-bowl-li-lejos-del-record-de-audiencia (acessed 21 September 2018).
Carú, A., & Cova, B. (2003). Revisiting Consumption Experience: A More Humble but Complete View of the Concept'. Marketing Theory, 3(2), 267–286. doi: 10.1177/14705931030032004
Collins, S. (2010). Digital Fair: Prosumption and the fair use defence. Journal of Consumer Culture, 10(1), 37–55. doi: 10.1177/1469540509354014
Cooney, G., Gilbert, D. T., & Wilson, T. D. (2014). The Unforeseen Costs of Extraordinary Experience. Psychological Science, 25(12), 2259–2265. doi: 10.1177/0956797614551372
Cova, B., & Cova, V. (2002). Tribal Marketing: The Tribalistation of Society and its impact on the Conduct of Marketing. European Journal of Marketing, 36(5/6), 595–620. doi: 10.1108/03090560210423023
Cova, B., & Cova, V. (2012). On the road to prosumption: marketing discourse and the development of consumer competencies. Consumption Markets and Culture, 15(2), 149–168. doi: 10.1080/10253866.2012.654956
Cova, B., & Cova, V. (2014). CCT applied research and the limits of consumers heroicisation. Journal of Marketing Management, 30(11/12), 1086–1100. doi: 10.1080/0267257X.2014.929165
Davis, J. L., Fodor, A., Pfahl, M. E., & Stoner, J. (2014). Team interdependence and turnover: evidence from the NFL. American Journal of Business, 29(3/4), 276–292. doi: 10.1108/AJB-02-2014-0009
de Souza-Leão, A. L. M., & da Costa, F. Z. N. (2018). Agenciados pelo desejo: O consumo produtivo dos potterheads, RAE-Revista de Administração de Empresas, 58(1), 74-86. doi: 10.1590/S0034-759020180106
ESPN Brasil (2015). Brasil é 2º país com mais fãs de NFL fora dos EUA, diz pesquisa, available at: http://espn.uol.com.br/noticia/481491_brasil-e-2-pais-com-mais-fas-de-nfl-fora-dos-eua-diz-pesquisa. (acessed 21 September 2018).
ESPN Brasil (2016). Maior que megaempresas e países inteiros: como a NFL virou a liga mais rica do mundo, available at: http://espn.uol.com.br/noticia/628940_maior-que-megaempresas-e-paises-inteiros-como-a-nfl-virou-a-liga-mais-rica-do-mundo (acessed 21 September 2018).
ESPN Brasil (2017). ESPN quebra recorde histórico com transmissão exclusiva do Super Bowl na TV por assinatura, available at: http://espn.uol.com.br/noticia/669285_espn-quebra-recorde-historico-com-transmissao-exclusiva-do-super-bowl-na-tv-por-assinatura (acessed 21 September 2018).
Farquhar, J., & Michels, N. (2016). Triangulation without tears. In M. Groza, & C. Ragland (Eds). Marketing challenges in a turbulent business environment (pp. 325–330), Springer, Heidelberg, DE.
Fitchett, J. A., Patsiaouras, G., & Davies, A. (2014). Myth and ideology in consumer culture theory. Marketing Theory, 14(4), 495–506. doi: 10.1177/1470593114545423
Filo, K., Lock, D., & Karg, A. (2015). Sport and social media research: A review. Sport Management Review, 18(2), 166–181. doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.11.001
Fiore, A. M., Jin, H., & Kim, J. (2005). For fun and profit: Hedonic value from image interactivity and responses toward an online store. Psychology and Marketing, 22(8), 669–694. doi: 10.1002/mar.20079
Goulding, C. (2005). Grounded theory, ethnography and phenomenology: a comparative analysis of three qualitative strategies for marketing research. European Journal of Marketing, 39(3/4), 294–308. doi: 10.1108/03090560510581782
Guesalaga, R., Pierce, M., & Scaraboto, D. (2016). Cultural influences on expectations and evaluations of service quality in emerging markets. International Marketing Review, 33(1), 88–111. doi: 10.1108/IMR-08-2014-0283
Guschwan, M. (2012). Fandom, brandom and the limits of participatory culture. Journal of Consumer Culture, 12(1), 19–40. doi: 10.1177/1469540512438154
Hartmann, B. J. (2015). Peeking behind the mask of the prosumer. Marketing Theory, 16(1), 3–20. doi: 10.1177/1470593115581722
Hills, M. (2013). Fiske's textual productivity and digital fandom: web 2.0 democratization versus fan distinction. Participations: Journal of Audience and Receptions Studies, 10(1), 130–153.
Holbrook, M. B. (2000). The Millenial Consumer in the Texts of Our Times: Experience and Entertainment. Journal of Macromarketing, 20(2), 178–192. doi: 10.1177/0276146700202008
Holbrook, M., & Thompson, C. J. (1997). Why media matter: Toward a richer understanding of consumers' relationships with advertising and mass media. Journal of Advertising, 26(1), 43–60. doi: 10.1080/00913367.1997.10673517
Jenkins, H. (2006). Fans, Bloggers, and Gamers: Exploring Participatory Culture. NYU Press, New York, NY.
Jenkins, H. (2008). Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide. NYU Press, New York, NY.
Jenkins, H. (2014). Rethinking ‘Rethinking Convergence/Culture’. Cultural Studies, 28(2), 267–297. doi: 10.1080/09502386.2013.801579
Jiang, K., Luk, S. T., & Cardinali, S. (2018). The role of pre-consumption experience in perceived value of retailer brands: Consumers’ experience from emerging markets. Journal of Business Research, 86, 374–385. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.09.026
Keaton, S. A., & Gearhart, C. C. (2014). Identity Formation, Identity Strength, and Self-Categorization as Predictor of Affective and Psychological Outcomes. Communication and Sport, 2(4), 363–385. doi: 10.1177/2167479513498077
Kozinets, R.V. (2002). Can consumers escape the market? Emancipatory illuminations from burning man. Journal of Consumer Research, 29(1), 20–38. doi: 10.1086/339919
Kozinets, R.V. (2010). Netnography: Doing Ethnographic Research Online. Sage, London, UK.
Kozinets, R.V. (2015). Netnography: Redefined. Sage, London, UK.
Kurylo, B. (2018). Technologised consumer culture: The Adorno–Benjamin debate and the reverse side of politicisation. Journal of Consumer Culture, OnlineFirst. doi: 10.1177/1469540518773819
Lanier, C. D. Jr, & Rader, C. S. (2015). Consumption experience: An expanded view. Marketing Theory, 15(4), 487–508. doi: 10.1177/1470593115581721
LaSalle, D., & Britton, T. A. (2003). Priceless: Turning ordinary products into extraordinary experiences. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Lemke, F., Clark, M., & Wilson, H. J. (2010). Customer experience quality: an exploration in business and consumer contexts using repertory grid technique. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 39(6), 846–869.
Lemon, K. N., & Verhoef, P. C. (2016). Understanding Customer Experience Throughout the Customer Journey. Journal of Marketing, 80(6), 69–96.
Næss, H. E. (2017). Authenticity matters: A digital ethnography of FIA World Rally Championship fan forums. Sport Management Review, 20(1), 105–113. doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2016.08.001
Newman, J. I., & Giardina, M. (2011). Sport, Spectacle, and NASCAR Nation: Consumption and the Cultural Politics of Neoliberalism. Palgrave Macmilllan, New York, NY.
Ozanian, M. (2017). “The Forbes Fab 40: The World's Most Valuable Sports Brands 2017”, available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2017/10/24/the-forbes-fab-40-the-worlds-most-valuable-sports-brands-2017/#628ecc693b84 (accessed 21 September 2018).
Real, M. (2013). Reflections on Communication and Sport: On Spectacle and Mega-Events. Communication and Sport, 1(1/2), 30–42. doi: 10.1177/2167479512471188
Ritzer, G. (2014). Prosumption: Evolution, revolution, or eternal return of the same? Journal of Consumer Culture, 14(1), 3–25. doi: 10.1177/1469540513509641
Ritzer, G., & Jurgenson, N. (2010). Production, Consumption, Prosumption: The nature of capitalism in the age of the digital 'prosumer'. Journal of Consumer Culture, 10(1), 13–36. doi: 10.1177/1469540509354673
Ritzer, G., & Miles, S. (2019). The changing nature of consumption and the intensification of McDonaldization in the digital age. Journal of Consumer Culture, 19(1), 3-20. doi: 10.1177/1469540518818628
Ruddock, A. (2010). Contradictions in media sport culture: The reinscription of football supporter traditions through online media. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 13(3), 323–339. doi: 10.1177/1367549410363200
Ryynänen, T., Joutsela, M., & Heinonen, V. (2016). “My Grandfather kept one of these tins on top of the bookshelf”: Consumers’ recalled experiences involving packaging, Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 19(1), 4–26. doi: 10.1108/QMR-06-2014-0054
Sainam, P., Balasubramanian, S., & Bayus, B. L. (2010). Consumer Options: Theory and an Empirical Application to a Sports Market. Journal of Marketing Research, 47(3), 401–414. doi: 10.1509/jmkr.47.3.401
Sandvoss, C. (2003). A Game of Two Halves: Football, Television, and Globalization. Routledge, New York, NY.
Sandvoss, C. (2005). Fans: The Mirror of Consumption. Polity Press, Cambridge, UK.
Santomier, J., & Hogan, P. (2013). Social media and prosumerism: Implications for sport marketing research. In S. Söderman, & H. Dolles (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport and business (179–201). Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK.
Spinda, J. S. W., Wann, D. L., & Hardin, R. (2015). Attachment to Sports Conferences: An Expanded Model of Points of Attachment Among Professional, Collegiate, and High School Football Fans. Communication and Sport, 4(3), 347–363. doi: 10.1177/2167479515578262
Spotts, H. E., Purvis, S. C., & Patnaik, S. (2014). How Digital Conversations Reinforce Super Bowl Advertising: The Power of Earned Media Drives Television Engagement. Journal of Advertising Research, 54(4), 454–468. doi: 10.2501/JAR-54-4-454-468
Stavros, C., & Westberg, K. (2009). Using triangulation and multiple case studies to advance relationship marketing theory. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 12(3), 307–320. doi: 10.1108/13522750910963827
Stewart, H., Gapp, R., & Harwood, I. (2017). Exploring the alchemy of qualitative management research: seeking trustworthiness, credibility and rigor through crystallization. The Qualitative Report, 22(1), 1–19.
Tezer, A., &, Onur Bodur, H. (2020). The Greenconsumption Effect: How Using Green Products Improves Consumption Experience. Journal of Consumer Research, 47(1), 25–39. doi: 10.1093/jcr/ucz045
Tombleson, B., & Wolf, K. (2017). Rethinking the circuit of culture: How participatory culture has transformed cross-cultural communication. Public Relations Review, 43(1), 14–25. doi: 10.1016/j.pubrev.2016.10.017
Tseng, T., & Balabanis, G. (2011). Explaining the product‐specificity of country‐of‐origin effects. International Marketing Review, 28(6), 581–600. doi: 10.1108/02651331111181420
TSN (2016). Super Bowl 50 is second most-watched on record in Canada, available at: http://www.tsn.ca/super-bowl-50-is-second-most-watched-on-record-in-canada-1.435665 (acessed 21 September 2018).
Tumbat, G., & Belk, R. W. (2011). Marketplace Tension in Extraordinary Experiences. Journal of Consumer Research, 38(1), 42–61. doi: 10.1086/658220
Underberg, N. M., & Zorn, E. (2013). Digital ethnography: anthropology, narrative, and new media. University of Texas Press, Austin, TX.
Walker, M.; Hodge, C., & Bennett, G. (2017). The Freeloader Effect: Examining the Influence of Engagement and Attitudes in a Virtual Fan Community. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 26(3), 130–139.
Wenner, L. (2008). Super-Cooled Sports Dirt: Moral Contagion and Super Bowl Commercials in the Shadows of Janet Jackson. Television and New Media, 9(2), 131–154. doi: 10.1177/1527476407306634
Wenner, L. (2012). Reflections on Communication and Sport: On Reading Sport and Narrative Ethics. Communication and Sport, 1(1/2), 188–199. doi: 10.1177/2167479512467329
Wenner, L. (2014). “Connecting events to advertising: Narrative strategies and dirty logics in Super Bowl commercials” In: K. Dashper, T. Fletcher and N. McCullogh (Eds). Sport Events, Society and Culture, Routledge, Abingdon, UK.
Whannel, G. (2014). The paradoxical character of live television sport in the twenty-first century. Television and New Media, 15(8), 769–776. doi: 10.1177/1527476414551180
Woermann, N. (2011). ‘‘Subcultures of prosumption’’. In: Bradshaw A, Hackley C and Maclaran P (Eds) European Advances in Consumer Research. Association for Consumer Research, Duluth, MN, 627–628.
Xie, C., Bagozzi, R., & Troye, S. (2008). Trying to presume: toward a theory of consumers as co-creators of value. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 36(1), 109–122. doi: 10.1007/s11747-007-0060-2.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2020 PODIUM Sport, Leisure and Tourism Review
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.