Vulnerabilidade urbana e ferramentas aplicadas na gestão de risco de desastres hidrometeorológicos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5585/geas.v12i2.22616Palavras-chave:
Vulnerabilidade Urbana, Gestão de Risco, Desastres, Mudanças ClimáticasResumo
Introdução: O advento das mudanças climáticas apresenta novos desafios para as cidades, tornando necessário o desenvolvimento de políticas estratégicas para reduzir os impactos e melhorar a adaptação aos eventos extremos.
Objetivo: Apresentar o conceito de vulnerabilidade urbana e as medidas adotadas nas cidades para a redução dos riscos hidrometeorológicos e adaptação às mudanças climáticas.
Metodologia: Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura presente nas bases de dados Science Direct e Scielo entre o período de 2011 a 2021, sendo possível apresentar a evolução do conceito de “vulnerabilidade urbana”.
Originalidade/Relevância: A vulnerabilidade urbana passa a ser tópico-chave na avaliação das mudanças climáticas atualmente e estudos sobre o tema devem ser fortalecidos. Além da necessidade da identificação das conexões entre a adaptação às mudanças climáticas e os esforços para promover soluções para a redução de risco de desastres (RRD).
Resultados: Notou-se uma evolução do termo “vulnerabilidade urbana”, aplicado nos diversos artigos como variável importante na equação para a redução do risco de desastres. Em 2020 ficou evidenciado o avanço dos estudos relacionando a vulnerabilidade urbana com adaptações ao clima, novas propostas para a avaliação e métodos utilizados ao nível local (cidades).
Contribuições sociais / para a gestão: A RRD frente às mudanças climáticas se torna emergencial na atualidade, a fim de se preservar vidas humanas e bens materiais, já que muitas das nossas cidades se expandiram para áreas suscetíveis aos eventos extremos, sendo a compreensão dos possíveis riscos de desastres hidrometeorológicos crucial para o planejamento urbano.
Downloads
Referências
Alves, H.P.F. (2021). Socio-environmental vulnerability in the São Paulo Macro-metropolis’ three main metropolitan regions: a socio-environmental indicators analysis. Ambiente & Sociedade, v.24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asoc20200030r2vu2021L1AO
Apreda, C., D’Ambrosio, V., Di Martino, F. (2019). A climate vulnerability and impact assessment model for complex urban systems. Environmental Science & Policy, 93, 11-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.12.016
Arku, F. S., Angmor, E. N., & Adjei, G. T. (2017). Perception and responses of traders to climate change in downtown, Accra, Ghana". International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, Vol. 9 No. 1, pp. 56-67. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-03-2016-0027
Bao, J., Li, X., & Yu, C. (2015). The construction and validation of the heat vulnerability index, a review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 12(7), 7220-7234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120707220
Belle, Johannes A.; Jordaan, Andries; Collins, Nacelle. (2018). Managing wetlands for disaster risk reduction: A case study of the eastern Free State, South Africa. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 10, 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v10i1.40
Biagini, B., Bierbaum, R., Stults, M., Dobardzic, S., & McNeeley, S. M. (2014). A typology of adaptation actions: A global look at climate adaptation actions financed through the Global Environment Facility. Global environmental change, 25, 97-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.01.003
Boland, B., Charchenko, E., Sahdev, S., Knupfer, S. (2021). Focused adaptation: A strategic approach to climate adaptation in cities. Disponível em: https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/sustainability/our-insights/how-cities-can-adapt-to-climate-change#signin/download/. Acesso em: Maio/2023.
Bouwens, C. J. L. (2017). Flooding observations in Rotterdam: mapping of flood-prone locations, flood vulnerability and risk analysis. Disponível em: https://www.nature.com/collections/jdjjbcbcgg/about-this-collection?gclid=Cj0KCQjwwvilBhCFARIsADvYi7I005IPedldqeOAQpF5ULK6FdwhEYB1YFClgTHmPTe99-U5Xe1M5P8aAs8AEALw_wcB. Acesso em: Maio/2023.
Broto, V. C., & Bulkeley, H. (2013). A survey of urban climate change experiments in 100 cities. Global environmental change, 23(1), 92-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.07.005
Cerreta, M., Mele, R., Poli, G. (2018). Urban Vulnerability Assessment: Towards a Cross-Scale Spatial Multi-criteria Approach. Computational Science and Its Applications. ICCSA 2018. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 10962. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95168-3_34
Cohen-Shacham E., Walters, G., Janzen, C., Maginnis, S. (2016). Nature-based solutions to address global societal challenges. IUCN: Gland, Switzerland, 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2016.13.en
Cormier, N. S.; Pellegrino, P. R. M. (2008) Infraestrutura Verde: Uma estratégia paisagística para a água urbana. Paisagem Ambiente: ensaios (25) – São Paulo – p. 125 – 142. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2359-5361.v0i25p127-142
Corsi, A., Pagani, R. N., Cruz, T. B. R., Souza, F. F., & Kovaleski, J. L. (2022). Smart Sustainable Cities: Characterization and Impacts for Sustainable Development Goals. Rev. Gest. Ambient. e Sust. - GeAS, 10(1), 1-34, e20750. https://doi.org/10.5585/geas.v11i1.20750.
Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) & United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR). (2016). Poverty & death: disaster mortality, 1996–2015. Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters: Brussels, Belgium. Disponível em: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/poverty-death-disaster-and-mortality-1996-2015?gclid=Cj0KCQjwwvilBhCFARIsADvYi7ImBkf6rKeqjUuVn2vNOIDjTEmy6QPf1BervWui9AgGFD8Zy_I-_XUaAnWYEALw_wcB. Acesso em: Maio/2023.
Cutter, S. L., Burton, C. G., & Emrich, C. T. (2010). Disaster resilience indicators for benchmarking baseline conditions. Journal of homeland security and emergency management, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.2202/1547-7355.1732
Cardona, O. D. (2005). Indicators of Disaster Risk and Risk Management Title: Indicadores de riesgo de desastre y de gestión de riesgo (No. 80377). Inter-American Development Bank. Disponível em: https://www.unisdr.org/preventionweb/files/47966_notatecnicaindicadoresgrdbolivia.pdf. Acessado em: Maio/2023.
Denjean, B., Altamirano, M., Graveline, N., Giordano, R., Keur, P., Moncoulon, D. (2017). Natural Assurance Scheme: A level playing field framework for Green-Grey infrastructure development. Environmental research, 159, 24-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.006
Depietri, Y.; Mcphearson, T. (2017). Integrating the grey, green, and blue in cities: nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation and risk reduction. Nature-based solutions to climate change Adaptation in urban areas. Springer, Cham, 91-109. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56091-5_6
Dhyani, S. Lahoti, S., Khare, S., Pujari, P., Verna, Parikshit. (2018). Ecosystem based Disaster Risk Reduction approaches (EbDRR) as a prerequisite for inclusive urban transformation of Nagpur City, India. International journal of disaster risk reduction, 32, 95-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.01.018
Dobbs C., Eleuterio A.A., Amaya J.D., Montoya J., Kendal D. (2018). The benefits of urban and peri-urban forestry Unasylva, 69 (250), pp. 22-29. Disponível em: https://nespurban.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Dobbsetal2018_Unasylva_FORESTSANDSUSTAINABLECITIES.pdf. Acessado em: Maio/2023.
Empresa Brasil de Comunicação (EBC) (2015) Acordo do clima é oportunidade histórica, dizem ONGs. Disponível em: https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/internacional/noticia/2015-12/acordo-do-clima-e-oportunidade-historica-dizem-ongs
Estrella, M., Saalismaa, N., & Renaud, F. G. (2013). Reduction (Eco-DRR): an overview. The role of ecosystems in disaster risk reduction, 26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.12.014
European Commission (2015). Towards an EU Research and Innovation policy agenda for nature-based solutions & re-naturing cities. Final Report of the Horizon2020 Expert Group on Nature-Based Solutions and Re-Naturing Cities. Brussels: European Commission. Disponível em: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/fb117980-d5aa-46df-8edc-af367cddc202
European Environment Agency. (2012). Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2012. Copenhagen, Denmark. ISBN: 978-92-9213-346-7. doi:10.2800/66071
European Environment Agency. (2016). Urban adaptation to climate change in Europe 2016. Transforming Cities in a Changing Climate. EEA Report N° 12/2016. Disponível em: https://www.preventionweb.net/publication/urban-adaptation-climate-change-europe-2016-transforming-cities-changing-climate
Fritzsche, K., Schneiderbauer, S., Bubeck, P., Kienberger, S., Buth, M., Zebisch, M., & Kahlenborn, W. (2014). The vulnerability sourcebook: concept and guidelines for standardised vulnerability assessments. Disponível em: https://www.adaptationcommunity.net/download/va/vulnerability-guides-manuals-reports/vuln_source_2017_EN.pdf
IUCN. (2016). Resolution 69 on Defining Nature-based Solutions (WCC-2016-Res-069). IUCN Resolutions, Recommendations and Other Decisions, World Conservation Congress Honolulu, Hawaii, United States. Disponível em: https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/resrecfiles/WCC_2016_RES_069_EN.pdf
Iwama A. Y., Batistella M., Ferreira L. da C., Alves D. S., Ferreira L. da C. (2016). Risk, Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change: An Interdisciplinary Approach, Ambiente & Sociedade, v. XIX, n. 2, p 95-118, São Paulo, Brasil. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422ASOC137409V1922016
Hobbie, S. E.; Grimm, N. B. (2020). Nature-based approaches to managing climate change impacts in cities. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, v. 375, n. 1794. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0124.
Hoornweg D. L., Sugar, C.L., Trejos, G. (2011). Cities and greenhouse gas emissions: moving forward. Environ. Urban., 23 (1), 207-227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247810392270
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2012). Field, C. B., Barros, V., Stocker, T. F., & Dahe, Q. (Eds.). Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation: special report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press. Disponível em: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/managing-the-risks-of-extreme-events-and-disasters-to-advance-climate-change-adaptation/
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2014). Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2022). Mudanças Climáticas 2022: Impactos, Adaptação e Vulnerabilidade. Contribuição do Grupo de Trabalho II para o Sexto Relatório de Avaliação do Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas Relatório Síntese. Cambridge University Press. Disponível em: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-ii/
Johnson C., S. Blackburn. (2013). Advocacy for urban resilience: UNISDR's making cities resilient campaign. Environ. Urban., 26 (1), 29-52. https://doi.org/10.1177/095624781351868
Jones, H. P.; Hole, D. G.; Zavaleta, E. S. (2012). Harnessing nature to help people adapt to climate change. Nature Climate Change, 2, 7, 504-509. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1463
Kazmierczak, A., & Cavan, G. (2011). Surface water flooding risk to urban communities: Analysis of vulnerability, hazard and exposure. Landscape and urban planning, 103(2), 185-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.07.008
Kazmierczak, A., & Connelly, A. (2011). Buildings and Flooding: a risk-response case study. Manchester, UK: University of Manchester. Front. Environ. Sci. 10:931029. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2022.931029
Kim K, Olshansky RB. (2015). The theory and practice of building back better. J Am Plan Assoc 80:289–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2014.988597
Kita, S. M. (2017). Urban vulnerability, disaster risk reduction and resettlement in Mzuzu city, Malawi, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, V. 22, p.158-166. ISSN 2212-4209, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.03.010
Krellenberg K., Link F., Welz J., Harris J., Barth K., Irarrazaval F. (2014). Supporting local adaptation: The contribution of socio-environmental fragmentation to urban vulnerability, Applied Geography, Volume 55, p. 61-70, ISSN 0143-6228, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.08.013.
Kuhlicke, C., Kabisch, S., Krellenberg, K., & Steinführer, A. (2012). Urban vulnerability under conditions of global environmental change: conceptual reflections and empirical examples from growing and shrinking cities. Vulnerability, risks and complexity: impacts of global change on human habitats, 3, 27-38.
Kuhl, L.; Van Maanen, K.; Scyphers, S. (2020). An analysis of UNFCCC-financed coastal adaptation projects: Assessing patterns of project design and contributions to adaptive capacity. World Development, 127, 104748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104748
Kumar, P., Debele, S. E., Sahani, J., Rawat, N., Marti-Cardona, B., Alfieri, S. M. (2021). An overview of monitoring methods for assessing the performance of nature-based solutions against natural hazards. Earth-Science Reviews, 103603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103603
Kumar, P., Debele, S. E., Sahani, J. Aragão L., Barisani, F., Basu, B. (2020) Towards an operationalisation of nature-based solutions for natural hazards. Science of the Total Environment, 731, 138855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138855
Leal Filho W., Balogun, A.L., Olayide, O. E., Azeiteiro, U., Ayal, D. Y., Munoz, P. D. C. (2019). Assessing the impacts of climate change in cities and their adaptive capacity: Towards transformative approaches to climate change adaptation and poverty reduction in urban areas in a set of developing countries. Science of The Total Environment, 20, 1175-1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.227
Li, X., Fong, P. S. W., Dai, S., & Li, Y. (2019) Towards sustainable Smart Cities: An empirical comparative assessment and development pattern optimization in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 215, 730-743. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.046
Ludena, C.E., S.W. Yoon. (2015). Local Vulnerability Indicators and Adaptation to Climate Change: A Survey. Inter-American Development Bank, Technical Note No. 857 (IDB-TN857), Washington DC. Disponível em: https://publications.iadb.org/en/publication/12315/local-vulnerability-indicators-and-adaptation-climate-change-survey
Luederitz, C., Brink, E., Gralla, F., Hermelingmeier, V., Meyer, M., Niven, L., ... & von Wehrden, H. (2015). A review of urban ecosystem services: six key challenges for future research. Ecosystem services, 14, 98-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.05.001
Malta, F. S. & Marques, C., E. (2021). Socio-Environmental Vulnerability Index: An Application to Rio de Janeiro-Brazil. International Journal of Public Health. 66, 1-11. doi: 10.3389/ijph.2021.584308
Marchezini, V. (2020). Pesquisa transdisciplinar como suporte ao planejamento de ações de gestão de risco de desastres. Saúde Debate, Rio De Janeiro, V. 44, N. Especial 2, P. 33-47. DOI: 10.1590/0103-11042020E203
Marques, T. H. N. (2020). Eixos Multifuncionais: Infraestrutura Verde e Serviços Ecossistêmicos urbanos aplicados ao córrego Mandaqui, São Paulo, SP. 217 f. Disponível em: https://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16135/tde-15122020-114148/pt-br.php
McPhearson, T., Parnell, S., Simon, D., Gaffney, O., Elmqvist, T., Bai, X., ... & Revi, A. (2016). Scientists must have a say in the future of cities. Nature, 538(7624), 165-166. Disponível em: https://www.nature.com/news/polopoly_fs/1.20760!/menu/main/topColumns/topLeftColumn/pdf/538165a.pdf
Mileu, N., & Queirós, M. (2018) Integrating risk assessment into spatial planning: Risk The decision support system. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7050184
Mitra, D., Bhandery, C., Mukhopadhyay, A., Chanda, A., Hazra, S. (2018). Landslide Risk Assessment in Darjeeling Hills Using Multi-criteria Decision Support System: A Bayesian Network Approach. Disaster Risk Reduction. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3310-0_18
Okanagan Basin Water Board - OBWB. (2021). Slow it. Spread it. Sink it! Second Edition. ed. Kelowna: Okanaguan Basin Water Board. Disponível em: https://www.obwb.ca/library/slow-it-spread-it-sink-it/
Oliveira D.B.B, Silva L.F. (2017). Multi-criteria analysis in the strategic environmental assessment of the sugar and alcohol sector. Acta Scientiarum Technology, 34, 303-311. Doi: 10.4025/actascitechnol.v34i3.11525
Pereira, B. L., Almeida J. da S., Farias, I. M., Pires, C. B. S. (2020). Análise das Causas e Soluçães para Administração de Inundações Urbanas na Região da Praça da Bandeira/Rj. Epitaya E-Books, 1(15), 29-48. Recuperado de https://portal.epitaya.com.br/index.php/ebooks/article/view/96
PETTICREW, M. & ROBERTS, H. (2206). Systematic Reviews in the Social Sciences: A Practical Guide. [s.l.] Blackwell Publishing, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470754887
Reis, G.A. Ribeiro, J.A.R. DA Silva, C.A.U. (2020) Diagnóstico de vulnerabilidade socioambiental em áreas urbanas utilizando inteligência geográfica. In: Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física, v. 13, n.02, p. 767-781. https://doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v13.2.p767-781
PNUD. (2015). Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Division for Sustainable Development Goals. New York, USA. Disponível em: https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda
Reckien, D., Creutzig, F., Fernandez, B., Lwasa, S., Tovar-Restrepo, M., Mcevoy, D., & Satterthwaite, D. (2017). Climate change, equity and the Sustainable Development Goals: an urban perspective. Environment and urbanization, 29(1), 159-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247816677778
Rosenberger, L.; Leandro, J.; Pauleit, S.; Erlwein, S. (2021). Sustainable stormwater management under the impact of climate change and urban densification. Journal of Hydrology, n. 596, p. 11, 1 maio 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHYDROL.2021.126137
Salas, J.; Yepes, V. (2018). Urban vulnerability assessment: Advances from the strategic planning outlook, Journal of Cleaner Production, V. 179, p.544-558, ISSN 0959-6526, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.088.
Salimi, M., & Al-Ghamdi, S. G. (2020). Climate change impacts on critical urban infrastructure and urban resiliency strategies for the Middle East. Sustainable Cities and Society, 54, 101948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101948
Santos, R. P. & Cortese, T. T. P. (2022). Planejamento Urbano e Desastres: Uma Revisão Sistemática de Literatura PRISMA. Revista Nacional de Gerenciamento de Cidades. ISSN eletrônico 2318-8472, volume 10, número 78.
Schmidt, M. A. R. & Barbosa, G. R. (2016). Use of artificial neural networks in initial ponderation of AHP techniques applied to analysis of watershed vulnerability. Boletim de Ciências Geodésicas, 12, 511-525. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1982-21702016000300029
Shah, M. A. R.; et al., (2020). A review of hydro-meteorological hazard, vulnerability, and risk assessment frameworks and indicators in the context of nature-based solutions, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, V. 50, 101728, ISSN 2212-4209, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101728.
Shandas, V.; Matsler, A. M.; Caughman, L.; Harris, A. (2020). Towards the implementation of green stormwater infrastructure: perspectives from municipal managers in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, v. 63, n. 6, p. 959–980, 2020. DOI 10.1080/09640568.2019.1620708.
Secretaria Nacional de Proteção e Defesa Civil. Ministério da Integração Nacional. (2017). Módulo de formação: noções básicas em proteção e defesa civil e em gestão de riscos. Disponível em: https://defesacivil.es.gov.br/Media/defesacivil/Capacitacao/Material%20Did%C3%A1tico/M%C3%B3dulo%20I/Gest%C3%A3o%20de%20Risco%20-%20Livro%20Base.pdf
Schimidt, M. A. R.; Barbosa, G. R. (2016). Use of artificial neural networks in initial ponderation of AHP techniques applied to analysis of watershed vulnerability, Bol. Ciênc. Geod. 22 (3) Set 2016, https://doi.org/10.1590/S1982-21702016000300029
Schneiderbauer, S., Zebisch, M., Renner, K., Below, T., Brossmann, M., & Schwan, S. (2017). Climate risk and vulnerability analysis applying the IPCC-AR5 concept in practice. In Society for Risk Analysis-Europe (SRA-E). Disponível em: https://www.adaptationcommunity.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/GIZ-2017_Risk-Supplement-to-the-Vulnerability-Sourcebook.pdf
Swart, R., Fons, J., Geertsema, W., van Hove, B., Gregor, M., Havranek, M., & UoM, U. P. M. (2012). Urban vulnerability indicators. A joint report of ETC-CCA and ETC-SIA. Copenhagen: ETC-CCA and ETC-SIA Technical Report, 1, 2012. Disponível em: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/29222603.pdf
Tapia, C.; Abajo, B.; Feliu, E.; Mendizabal, M.; Martinez, J. A.; Fernández, J. G.; Laburu, T.; Lejarazu, A. (2017). Profiling urban vulnerabilities to climate change: An indicator-based vulnerability assessment for European cities, Ecological Indicators, Volume 78, p. 142-155, ISSN 1470-160X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.02.040.
Thaler, T. et al., (2019). Drivers and barriers of adaptation initiatives – How societal transformation affects natural hazard management and risk mitigation in Europe, Science of The Total Environment, V. 650, Part 1, p.1073-1082, ISSN 0048-9697, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.306.
Tranfield, D., Denyer, D., & Smart, P. (2003). Towards a methodology for developing evidence‐informed management knowledge by means of systematic review. British journal of management, 14(3), 207-222. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.00375.
Timmerman, J., Bacciu, V., Coninx, I., Fons, J., Gregor, M., Havranek, M., Jacobs, C., Loehnertz, M., Pelton, L., Sainz, M., Swart, R., Lindner, C., Lückenkotter, J. (2016). Map book urban vulnerability to climate change–Factsheets. In: European Environment Agency, European Topic Centre on Climate Change Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation. European Topic Centre on Spatial Information and Analysis, p. 98. Disponível em: https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/repository/fact-sheets-final-27_06_2017.pdf/view
United Nations (UN). (2015). Trasforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for sustainable development. Disponível em: https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda
UNFCCC. (2015). Adoption of the Paris Agreement. UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Bonn, Germany, 2015. Disponível em: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf, Acesso em: julho, 2022.
United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. (2005) Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015: Building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters. Geneva: UNISDR. Disponível em: https://www.unisdr.org/2005/wcdr/intergover/official-doc/L-docs/Hyogo-framework-for-action-english.pdf
UNISDR. (2015). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. United United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. Switzerland, 2015. Disponível em: https://www.undrr.org/publication/sendai-framework-disaster-risk-reduction-2015-2030
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. (UNDRR). (2019). Global assessment report on disaster risk reduction. Disponível em: https://www.undrr.org/publication/global-assessment-report-disaster-risk-reduction-2019
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. (UNDRR). (2021). Words into Action guidelines: Developing national disaster risk reduction strategies. Switzerland, 2021. Disponível em: https://www.preventionweb.net/go/74082. Acesso em: julho/2021.
Vasconcelos, A. E. F. de; Cândido, G. A.; Freire, E. M. X. (2019). Vulnerabilidade Socioambiental: proposição de temas e indicadores para cidades brasileiras. Gaia Scientia. 13(2), 1-18.
Voskamp I. M., Van de Ven F.H.M. (2015). Planning support system for climate adaptation: Composing effective sets of blue-green measures to reduce urban vulnerability to extreme weather events. Building and Environment, 83, 159-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.07.018
Weiss, R. & Pippi, L. G. (2019). Análise multicritério na definição de vulnerabilidade ambiental. TerraPlural, 13, 272-295. DOI: 10.5212/TerraPlural.v.13i3.0018
Wolf, T., & McGregor, G. (2013). The development of a heat wave vulnerability index for London, United Kingdom. Weather and Climate Extremes, 1, 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2013.07.004
World Bank (2014). Guide to Climate Change Adaptation in Cities. World Bank, Washington, DC. Disponível em: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/691721468320045373/pdf/653590WP0v200B0Urban0Handbook0Final.pdf
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2023 Autores
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
