Analysis of the relationship between risks and executive compensation in companies listed in B3

Authors

  • Rodrigo Rengel Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC)
  • Allison Manoel de Sousa Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5959-6078
  • Januário José Monteiro Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC)
  • Rodrigo Malta Meurer Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS).

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5585/riae.v19i1.16787

Keywords:

Business risk, Remuneration of executives, Variation of remuneration.

Abstract

Objective: To analyze the relationship between executive compensation and the risk of companies from different sectors of B3.

Methodology: The relationship between executive compensation and the risk of 61 companies in the Abattoir sectors analyzed; Banks; Construction of residential buildings; Generation, transmission and distribution of electricity; Rental of Real Estate, and; Telecommunications, between 2011 and 2017 through descriptive statistics and through the multivariate panel model.

Relevance: The influence of executive compensation on companies' risk discussed, in which the results are divergent and performed in emerging and developed countries that do not present macroeconomic characteristics, such as high rates of inflation and interest rates in the case of Brazil. In this way, this study presents evidence in this different perspective.

Main Results: The findings show that executive compensation is negatively associated with corporate risk. However, the change in executive compensation influences the companies' risk. Additionally, it found that the size of the organizations is positively associated with the companies' risk, unlike the profitability of the asset, which negatively related to the risk of the companies.

Theoretical contributions: The present study presents contributions regarding the incentive implications of risk compensation in companies from different sectors of the Brazilian capital market, especially considering that managers can, from their decisions, select projects that influence the risk of the company's operations.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Rodrigo Rengel, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC)

Doutorando em Contabilidade pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Mestre em Contabilidade pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) e Bacharel em Ciências Contábeis pela Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC).

Allison Manoel de Sousa, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR)

Doutorando em Contabilidade pela Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Mestre em Contabilidade pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) e Bacharel em Ciências Contábeis pela Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD).

Januário José Monteiro, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC)

Doutorando em Contabilidade pela Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Mestre em Contabilidade pela Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) e Bacharel em Ciências Contábeis pela Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC).

Rodrigo Malta Meurer, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS).

Mestre em Contabilidade pela Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) e Bacharel em Ciências Contábeis pela Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD).

References

Amihud, Y., & Lev, B. (1981). Risk reduction as a managerial motive for conglomerate mergers. The bell journal of economics, 605-617.

Amran, A., Manaf Rosli Bin, A., & Che Haat Mohd Hassan, B. (2008). Risk reporting: An exploratory study on risk management disclosure in Malaysian annual reports. Managerial Auditing Journal, 24(1), 39-57.

Aureli, S., & Salvatori, F. (2012). An investigation on possible links between risk management, performance measurement and reward schemes. Accounting and Management Information Systems, 11(3), 306.

Ayadi, R., Arbak, E., & De Groen, W. P. (2011). Executive compensation and risk taking in European banking. Research Handbook on International Banking and Governance, 179-199.

Bagnoli, M., & Watts, S. G. (2010). Oligopoly, disclosure, and earnings management. The Accounting Review, 85(4), 1191-1214.

Banker, R. D., & Datar, S. M. (1989). Sensitivity, precision, and linear aggregation of signals for performance evaluation. Journal of Accounting Research, 21-39.

Beuren, I. M., de Moura, G. D., & Theiss, V. (2016). Remuneração dos executivos em empresas que realizaram combinação de negócios. Revista de Administração, 14(2), 1-30.

Carpenter, J. N. (2000). Does option compensation increase managerial risk appetite?. The journal of finance, 55(5), 2311-2331.

Carvalho, L. N., & Salotti, B. M. (2013). Adoption of IFRS in Brazil and the consequences to accounting education. Issues in Accounting Education, 28(2), 235-242.

Chang, W. J., Hayes, R. M., & Hillegeist, S. A. (2015). Financial distress risk and new CEO compensation. Management Science, 62(2), 479-501.

Chen, C. R., Steiner, T. L., & Whyte, A. M. (2006). Does stock option-based executive compensation induce risk-taking? An analysis of the banking industry. Journal of Banking & Finance, 30(3), 915-945.

Chen, J., De Cesari, A., Hill, P., & Ozkan, N. (2018). Initial compensation contracts for new executives and financial distress risk: An empirical investigation of UK firms. Journal of Corporate Finance, 48, 292-313.

Coles, J. L., Daniel, N. D., & Naveen, L. (2006). Managerial incentives and risk-taking. Journal of financial Economics, 79(2), 431-468.

de Sousa, A. M., Monteiro, J. J., Rengel, R., & Lunkes, R. J. (2019). Remuneração dos Executivos e Estrutura de Capital do Setor Bancário na B3. Revista FSA (Centro Universitário Santo Agostinho), 16(2), 59-79.

Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Agency theory: An assessment and review. Academy of management review, 14(1), 57-74.

Fávero, L. P., & Belfiore, P. (2017). Manual de análise de dados: estatística e modelagem multivariada com Excel®, SPSS® e Stata®. Elsevier Brasil.

Garen, J. E. (1994). Executive compensation and principal-agent theory. Journal of political economy, 102(6), 1175-1199.

Guay, W. R. (1999). The sensitivity of CEO wealth to equity risk: an analysis of the magnitude and determinants. Journal of Financial Economics, 53(1), 43-71.

Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2011). Econometria Básica-5. Amgh Editora.

Hagendorff, J., & Vallascas, F. (2011). CEO pay incentives and risk-taking: Evidence from bank acquisitions. Journal of Corporate Finance, 17(4), 1078-1095.

Harris, J. D. (2009). What’s wrong with executive compensation?. Journal of Business Ethics, 85(1), 147-156.

Haugen, R. A., & Senbet, L. W. (1981). Resolving the agency problems of external capital through options. The Journal of Finance, 36(3), 629-647.

Hirshleifer, D., & Suh, Y. (1992). Risk, managerial effort, and project choice. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 2(3), 308-345.

Hölmstrom, B. (1979). Moral hazard and observability. The Bell journal of economics, 74-91.

IBGC. (2007). Instituto Brasileiro de Governança Corporativa. Código das melhores práticas de governança corporative. Recuperado de: .

Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of financial economics, 3(4), 305-360.

Knight, F. H. (1964). Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, Reprints of Economic Classics, Augustus M. Kelley, Bookseller, New York I, 964.

Krauter, E. (2009). Contribuições do sistema de remuneração dos executivos para o desempenho financeiro: um estudo com empresas industriais brasileiras (Doctoral dissertation, Universidade de São Paulo).

Krauter, E. (2013). Remuneração de executivos e desempenho financeiro: um estudo com empresas brasileiras. Revista de Educação e Pesquisa em Contabilidade (REPeC), 7(3).

Kyriacou, K., & Mase, B. (2006). The adverse consequences of share-based pay in risky companies. Journal of Management & Governance, 10(3), 307-323.

Low, A. (2009). Managerial risk-taking behavior and equity-based compensation. Journal of Financial Economics, 92(3), 470-490.

Mehran, H. (1995). Executive compensation structure, ownership, and firm performance. Journal of financial economics, 38(2), 163-184.

Mehran, H., Morrison, A., & Shapiro, J. (2011). Corporate governance and banks: What have we learned from the financial crisis? Workpaper.

Miller, E. M. (1977). Risk, uncertainty, and divergence of opinion. The Journal of finance, 32(4), 1151-1168.

O’Reilly III, C. A., & Main, B. G. (2010). Economic and psychological perspectives on CEO compensation: A review and synthesis. Industrial and corporate change, 19(3), 675-712.

Ozdemir, O., Kizildag, M., & Upneja, A. (2013). Does risk matter in CEO compensation contracting? Evidence from US restaurant industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 34, 372-383.

Rajgopal, S., & Shevlin, T. (2002). Empirical evidence on the relation between stock option compensation and risk taking. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 33(2), 145-171.

Ross, S. A. (1973). The economic theory of agency: The principal's problem. The American Economic Review, 63(2), 134-139.

Ross, S. A. (2004). Compensation, incentives, and the duality of risk aversion and riskiness. The Journal of Finance, 59(1), 207-225.

Ross, S. A., Westerfield, R., & Jordan, B. D. (2008). Fundamentals of corporate finance. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.

Shah, S. Z. A., Akbar, S., Liu, J., Liu, Z., & Cao, S. (2017). CEO compensation and banks’ risk-taking during pre and post financial crisis periods. Research in International Business and Finance, 42, 1489-1503.

Smith Jr, C. W., & Watts, R. L. (1982). Incentive and tax effects of executive compensation plans. Australian Journal of Management, 7(2), 139-157.

Smith, C. W., & Stulz, R. M. (1985). The determinants of firms' hedging policies. Journal of financial and quantitative analysis, 20(4), 391-405.

Uhde, A. (2016). Risk-taking incentives through excess variable compensation: Evidence from European banks. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 60, 12-28.

Verrecchia, R. E., & Weber, J. (2006). Redacted disclosure. Journal of Accounting Research, 44(4), 791-814.

Wooldridge, J. M. (2013). Introdução a econometria: uma abordagem moderna. 4. ed. São Paulo: Cengage Learning.

Yermack, D. (1995). Do corporations award CEO stock options effectively?. Journal of financial economics, 39(2-3), 237-269.

Yermack, D. (1997). Good timing: CEO stock option awards and company news announcements. The journal of Finance, 52(2), 449-476.

Published

22.05.2020

How to Cite

Rengel, R., Sousa, A. M. de, Monteiro, J. J., & Meurer, R. M. (2020). Analysis of the relationship between risks and executive compensation in companies listed in B3. Revista Ibero-Americana De Estratégia, 19(1), 149–169. https://doi.org/10.5585/riae.v19i1.16787

Issue

Section

Articles