Dronification of power, violence and personal data: drone regulation in the age of the "normalization of the unthinkable"

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5585/prismaj.v19n1.16828

Keywords:

Drones, Dronification of power, Violence, Personal data, Regulation

Abstract

This article analyzes the regulation of drones from the perspective of the dronification of power. It contextualizes the dronification of power, seeking military technological development and an ideology that carries urban technology for domestic use; and confront a literature on the dronification of power with the reality of control, seeking (dis)continuities in the face of a new regulatory paradigm. As its results, it may be firstly presented that the current regulation of drones use in Brazil is lagging behind the ubiquity of digital data processing, which are massively collected by drones, which operate automatically and analyze data from other objects in real time. It must also be said that an adequate regulation should discipline informational companies that develop such technologies, in a way that is should not be merely prohibitive — being social audit a good alternative for companies adhering to practices in conformity with privacy policies. The article was written using the dialectical procedure method, with a qualitative approach and bibliographic-documental research technique.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Mateus de Oliveira Fornasier, Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJUI/RS)

Professor do Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu (Mestrado e Doutorado) em Direito da Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJUI). Doutor em Direito pela Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), com pós-doutorado em Direito pela University of Westminster (Reino Unido).    

Norberto Milton Paiva Knebel, Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJUI/RS)

Doutorando pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Direito da Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJUI). Bolsista da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES, Brasil.    

Fernanda Viero da Silva, Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJUI/RS)

Bolsista de iniciação científica do Programa PIBIC/CNPq. Acadêmica do Curso de Direito da Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJUI).

    

References

AMARAL, Augusto Jobim. Biopolítica e Biocapitalismo: implicações da violẽncia do controle. In: SABARIEGO, Jesús; MATOS, Ana Raquel (org.). Democracia e Direitos Humanos na Era Digital. Coimbra: CES - Universidade de Coimbra, 2018, p. 81-99.

AMARAL, Augusto Jobim do; SALLES, Eduardo Baldissera Carvalho; DA SILVA MEDINA, Roberta. Urbanização Militarizada e Controle Social: primeiras impressões sobre os “drones” como dispositivos de segurança pública no Brasil. Revista de Direito da Cidade, v. 11, n. 2, p. 278-298, 2019.

ASLAM, Wali. The United States and Great Power Responsibility in International Society: Drones, rendition and invasion. Oxon: Routledge, 2013.

BASSI, Eleonora; BLOISE, Nicoletta; DIRUTIGLIANO, Jacopo; FICI, Gian Piero; PAGALLO; PRIMATESTA, Stefano; QUAGLIOTTI, Fulvia. The Design of GDPR-Abiding Drones Through Flight Operation Maps: A Win–Win Approach to Data Protection, Aerospace Engineering, and Risk Management. Minds and Machines, v. 29, n. 4, p. 579-601, 2019.

BRASIL. Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil. RBAC-E 94. 2017. Disponível em: https://www.anac.gov.br/assuntos/legislacao/legislacao-1/rbha-e-rbac/rbac/rbac-e-94. Acesso em: 15 mar 2020.

BRASIL. Ministério da Defesa. Comando da Aeronáutica. Departamento de Controle do Espaço Aéreo. ICA 100-40 (Sistemas de aeronaves remotamente pilotadas e o acesso ao espaço aéreo brasileiro. 2015. Disponível em: https://www.decea.gov.br/static/uploads/2015/12/Instrucao-do-Comando-da-Aeronautica-ICA-100-40.pdf. Acesso em: 15 mar 2020.

BRASIL. Lei nº 13.709, de 14 de agosto de 2018. Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2018/lei/L13709.htm. Acesso em: 15 mar 2020.

CHAMAYOU, Grégoire. Teoria do drone. São Paulo, Cosac Naify, 2015.

CHANDLER, Katherine. Unmanning: How Humans, Machines and Media Perform Drone Warfare. New Brunswick, Camden; Newark, New Jersey; London: Rutgers University Press, 2020. DOI:10.2307/j.ctvxhrhv4.

CHANG, Victoria; CHUNDURY, Pramod; CHETTY, Marshini. Spiders in the sky: User perceptions of drones, privacy, and security. In: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems 2017, p. 6765-6776. Disponível em: https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3025453.3025632. Acesso em: 15 mar 2020.

CLOTHIER, Reece A.; GREER, Dominique A.; GREER, Duncan G.; MEHTA, Amisha M. Risk perception and the public acceptance of drones. Risk analysis, v. 35, n. 6, p. 1167-1183, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12330.

COSTA, Leonardo da Costa Priebe da; PETRY, Alexandre. Big Brother Is Watching You: Uma Análise Da Regulação Brasileira Sobre Drones No Tocante À Violação Da Privacidade. Justiça & Sociedade - Revista do Curso de Direito do IPA, v. 3, n. 1, p. 9-44, 2018. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15602/2525-3883/rjs.v3n1p9-44.

DILANIAN, Ken; KUBE, Courtney. Airport informants overhead drones: How the U.S killed Soleimani. NBC News, 10 jan 2020. Disponível em: https://www.nbcnews.com/news/mideast/airport-informants-overhead-drones-how-u-s-killed-soleimani-n1113726. Acesso em: 18 mar 2020.

DOUCET, Lyse. Qasem Soleimani: US kills top Iranian general in Baghdad air strike. BBC News, 03 jan 2020. Disponível em: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50979463. Acesso em: 18 mar 2020.

ESCOTO, Roberto. A inserção das empresas militares e de segurança privada na indústria de defesa do Brasil. Doutrina Militar Terrestre em Revista, v. 5, n. 11, p. 6-13, 2017.

FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION. Educational Users. Disponível em: https://www.faa.gov/uas/educational_users/. Acesso em: 15 mar 2020.

FENWICK, Mark; KAAL, Wulf; VERMEULEN, Erik. Regulation Tomorrow: Strategies for Regulating New Technologies. in: KONO, Toshyuki; REICH, Arie; HISCOCK, Mary (org.). Transnational Commercial and Consumer Law: Current Trends in International Business Law. Singapore: Springer, 2018, p. 153-174.

FINN, Rachel; DONOVAN, Anna. Big Data, Drone Data: Privacy and Ethical Impacts of the Intersection Between Big Data and Civil Drone Deployments. In: CUSTERS, B. (org.). The Future of Drone Use. Hague: TMC Asser Press, 2016.

FINN, Rachel; DONOVAN, Anna. Big data, drone data: privacy and ethical impacts of the intersection between big data and civil drone deployments. in: CUSTERS, Bart. The Future of Drone Use: opportunities and Threats from Ethical and legal perspectives. Hague: Asser Press; Springer, 2016, p. 47-70.

FORNASIER, Mateus de; FERREIRA, Luciano Vaz. A regulação das empresas transnacionais entre ordens jurídicas estatais e não estatais. Revista de Direito Internacional, v. 12, n. 1, 2015.

GRAHAM, Stephen. Cities under siege: the new military urbanism. Londres; Nova Iorque: Verso, 2011.

G1. Drone que matou líder iraniano é o mais letal da frota dos EUA. G1.Globo. Jan 2020. Disponível em: https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2020/01/04/drone-que-matou-lider-iraniano-e-o-mais-letal-da-frota-dos-eua.ghtml. Acesso em 18 mar 2020.

HEVERLY, Robert A. The state of drones: state authority to regulate drones. Albany Governmet Law Review, v. 8, p. 29, 2015. Disponível em: https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/aglr8&div=8&id=&page=. Acesso em: 15 mar 2020.

KAKAES, Konstantin. Drone Regulation and the protection of Human Rights. In: NEW AMERICA. Drones and aerial observation: new technologies for property rights, human rights, and global development - a primer. New America, 2015b. Disponível em: http://drones.newamerica.org/primer/Chapter%208.pdf. Acesso em: 15 mar 2020.

KAKAES, Konstantin. Drone Regulation - Privacy and Property Rights. In: NEW AMERICA. Drones and aerial observation: new technologies for property rights, human rights, and global development - a primer. New America, 2015a. Disponível em: http://drones.newamerica.org/primer/Chapter%203.pdf. Acesso em: 15 mar 2020.

KIM, Kye Won; SEO, Jin Seok. Study on Legal Regulations for Utilization of Drone in Private Security. Convergence Security Journal, v. 17, n. 5, p. 163-178, 2017.

KITCHIN, Rob. Thinking critically about and researching algorithms. Information, communication & Society, v. 20, n.1, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1154087.

KLAUSER, Francisco; PEDROZO, Silvana. Big data from the sky: popular perceptions of private drones in Switzerland. Geographica Helvetica, v. 72, n. 2, p. 231-239, 2017.

LAVALLÉE, Chantal. The EU policy for civil drones: the challenge of governing emerging technologies. Institute for European Studies Policy Brief, n. 1. 2019. Disponível em: http://aei.pitt.edu/97399/. Acesso em: 15 mar 2020.

MAGRANI, Eduardo. Entre Dados e Robôs: A Ética Das “Coisas”: Da Ética Do Discurso E Racionalidade Comunicativa Ao Novo Materialismo De Sistemas Sociotécnicos. 2 ed. Porto Alegre: Arquipélago, 2019.

MAYER-SCHONBERGER, Vyktor; CUKIER, Kenneth. Big Data: a revolution that will transform how we live, work, and think. Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013.

MIGUEL MOLINA, Blanca de; SEGARRA ÕNA, Marival. The Drone Sector in Europe. In: MIGUEL MOLINA, María; SANTAMARINA CAMPOS, Virgínia. Ethics and Civil Drones: European Policies and Proposals for the Industry. Nova Iorque: Springer, 2018, p. 7-34.

NAYYAR, A., NGUYEN, BL., NGUYEN, N.G. The Internet of Drone Things (IoDT): Future Envision of Smart Drones. In: LUHACH, A., KOSA, J., POONIA, R., GAO, XZ., SINGH, D. (eds). First International Conference on Sustainable Technologies for Computational Intelligence: Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1045. Singapore: Springer, 2020.

PAUNER, Cristina; KAMARA, Irene; VIGURI, Jorge. Drones. Current challenges and standardisation solutions in the field of privacy and data protection. In: 2015 ITU Kaleidoscope: Trust in the Information Society (K-2015). IEEE, 2015. p. 1-7. Disponível em: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7383633/. Acesso em: 15 mar 2020.

POLLACK, Norman. Capitalism, Hegemony and Violence in the Age of Drones. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2018.

RAJ, Rahul; KAR, Soumyashree; NANDAN, Rohit; JAGARLAPUDI, Adinarayana. Precision Agriculture and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). In: AVTAR, Ram; WATANABE, Teiji (org.). Unmanned Aerial Vehicle: Applications in Agriculture and Environment. Cham: Springer, 2020, p. 7-23.

REHFUSS, Abigail. The domestic use of drones and the fourth amendment. Albany Government Law Review, v. 8, p. 313-336, 2015.

SANDBROOK, Chris. The social implications of using drones for biodiversity conservation. Ambio, v. 44, n. 4, p. 636-647, 2015.

SANTAMARINA CAMPOS, Virgínia. European Union Policies and Civil Drones. In: MIGUEL MOLINA, María de; SANTAMARINA CAMPOS, Virgínia. Ethics and Civil Drones: European Policies and Proposals for the Industry. Nova Iorque: Springer, 2018.

SANTOS, Boaventura de Sousa. Apresentação. In: SANTOS, Boaventura de Sousa; MENDES, José Manuel. Demodiversidade — Imaginar novas possibilidades democráticas. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2018.

SASSEN, Saskia. Drones over there, total surveillance over here. Al Jazeera. Disponível em: https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/02/2013210114231346318.html. Acesso em: 01 mar 2020.

SHAW, Ian. Predator Empire: Drone Warfare and Full Spectrum Dominance. Minneapolis; Londres: University of Minnesota Press, 2016a.

SHAW, Ian. The urbanization of drone warfare: Policing surplus populations in the dronepolis. Geographica Helvetica, v. 71, n. 1, p. 19-28, 2016b. Disponível em: https://eprints.gla.ac.uk/110472/. Acesso em 15 mar 2020.

SOMBRA, Thiago Luís Santos. Direito à privacidade e proteção de dados no ciberespaço: a accountability como fundamento da Lex Privacy. 2019. 219 f. Tese (doutorado em Direito) - Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 2019. Disponível em: https://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/35752. Acesso em 20 fev 2020.

TAKAHASHI, Timothy T. The Rise of the Drones: The Need for Comprehensive Federal Regulation of Robot Aircraft. Albany Government Law Review, v. 8, p. 63, 2015.

ULMER, Marlin W.; THOMAS, Barrett W. Same‐day delivery with heterogeneous fleets of drones and vehicles. Networks, v. 72, n. 4, p. 475-505, 2018.

UNIÃO EUROPEIA. General Data Protection Regulation 2016. Disponível em: https://gdpr-info.eu/. Acesso em: 15 mar 2020.

VEDDER, Anton; NAUDTS, Laurens. Accountability for the use of algorithms in a big data environment. International Review of Law, Computers & Technology, v. 31, n. 2, p. 206-224, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13600869.2017.1298547

VERMEIREN, Vadim; VAN DE VELVE, Samuel; BOES, Michiel; VAN WIJMEERSCH, Jan-Frederik. How a cutting-edge technology can benefit the creative industries: the positioning system at work. in: SANTAMARINA CAMPOS, Virginia; SEGARRA ONA, Mariva. Drones and the creative industry. Nova Iorque: Springer, 2018, p. 115-128.

VOSS, W. Gregory. Privacy law implication of the use of drones for security and justice purposes. International Journal of Liability and Scientific Enquiry, v. 6, n. 4, 2013. DOI: 10.1504/IJLSE.2013.060848.

WANG, Yang; XIA, Huichuan; YAO, Yaxing; HUANG, Yun. Flying eyes and hidden controllers: A qualitative study of people’s privacy perceptions of civilian drones in the US. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies, v. 2016, n. 3, p. 172-190, 2016. Disponível em:https://www.degruyter.com/dg/viewarticle/j$002fpopets.2016.2016.issue-3$002fpopets-2016-0022$002fpopets-2016-0022.xml. Acesso em: 15/03/2020.

ZIZEK, Slavoj. Violência. Tradução: Miguel Serras Pereira. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2014.

ZUBOFF, Shoshana. The age of surveillance capitalism: The fight for a human future at the new frontier of power. Londres: Profile Books, 2019.

Downloads

Published

2020-06-22

How to Cite

FORNASIER, Mateus de Oliveira; KNEBEL, Norberto Milton Paiva; DA SILVA, Fernanda Viero. Dronification of power, violence and personal data: drone regulation in the age of the "normalization of the unthinkable". Prisma Juridico, [S. l.], v. 19, n. 1, p. 76–94, 2020. DOI: 10.5585/prismaj.v19n1.16828. Disponível em: https://periodicos.uninove.br/prisma/article/view/16828. Acesso em: 3 jul. 2024.

Issue

Vol. 19 No. 1 (2020): (jan./jun.)

Section

Artigos

License

Copyright (c) 2020 Prisma Juridico

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.