Does political candidate’s brand have influence on voting intention?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5585/remark.v22i5.20754Keywords:
Political Marketing; Voting intention; Candidate’s Brand; Candidate image; Political CandidateAbstract
Objective: To identify antecedents of the evaluation of the political candidate's brand and verify its effects on the voter's intention to vote.
Method: A quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional survey was carried out. In the sample, 610 respondents were counted. Data were analyzed using the technique of structural equation modeling, with the partial least squares method. The research was structured based on the constructs: voting intention; evaluation of the candidate's brand; candidate's image; candidate's reputation; candidate's credibility.
Results: Results: it was inferred that the latent variables: candidate's image, candidate's reputation and candidate's credibility, produce positive and significant effects in the evaluation of the candidate's brand. In addition, it was observed that the evaluation of the candidate's brand had a positive effect on voting intention.
Theoretical/methodological contributions: Theoretically contributes with the addition of the Candidate Reputation and Candidate Credibility variables as predecessors to Brand Assessment and, consequently, as mechanisms capable of influencing voters' decisions. Therefore, with the proposed model, the objective was to base and build campaign strategies for political marketing professionals.
Managerial implications: In the study, we sought to analyze the candidate for politician from the concept of brand, highlighting the importance of credibility and brand evaluation for the latent value of the brand of the candidate for politician. We sought to highlight how these factors can affect voting intention and, therefore, highlight the ways that can contribute to greater competitiveness and cost mitigation in the process of electoral campaigns in the Brazilian scope.
Downloads
References
Andrade, J. & Mazzon, J. A. (2008). Constructos atitudinais relacionados com a marca como mediadores do processamento da mensagem promocional. Anais do Encontro Nacional da Associação Nacional de Programas de Pós-Graduação em Administração. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, 32.
Armannsdottir, G., Carnell, S., & Pich, C. (2019). Exploring personal political brands of Iceland’s parliamentarians. Journal of Political Marketing, 19(0), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2019.1680931
Azzari, V., & Pelissari, A. (2020). Does Brand Awareness Influences Purchase Intention? The Mediation Role of Brand Equity Dimensions. Brazilian Business Review, 17(6), 669–685. https://doi.org/10.15728/bbr.2020.17.6.4
Banerjee, S., & Chaudhuri, B. R. (2016). Factors responsible behind political brand preference: an empirical study on Indian voters. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 34(4), 559-582. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-05-2015-0095
Banerjee, S., & Mukherjee, P. M. (2019). Electoral alliance with sworn opponent political party: factors impacting voting intention. Asian Journal of Political Science, 27(1), 17-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/02185377.2019.1579105
Banerjee, S. (2021). On the relationship between online brand community and brand preference in political market. International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 18(1), 27-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12208-020-00264-1
Bennett, A. M., Malone, C., Cheatham, K., & Saligram, N. (2019). The impact of perceptions of politician brand warmth and competence on voting intentions. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 28(2), 256-273. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-09-2017-1562
Black, I., & Veloutsou, C. (2017). Working consumers: Co-creation of brand identity, consumer identity and brand community identity. Journal of Business Research, 70, 416-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.07.012
Campbell, R., & Cowley, P. (2014). What voters want: Reactions to candidate characteristics in a survey experiment. Political Studies, 62(4), 745-765. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12048
Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach for structural equation modeling. In Modern methods for business research, Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. 295-336.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. United Kingdom: Sage publications.
Dewenter, R., Linder, M., & Thomas, T. (2019). Can media drive the electorate? The impact of media coverage on voting intentions. European Journal of Political Economy, 58, 245-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2018.12.003
Farrag, D. A. R., & Shamma, H. (2014). Factors influencing voting intentions for Egyptian parliament elections 2011. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 5(1), 49-70. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-01-2013-0003
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Gao, C., Zuzul, T., Jones, G., & Khanna, T. (2017). Overcoming institutional voids: A reputation‐based view of long‐run survival. Strategic Management Journal, 38(11), 2147-2167. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2649
George, G., Dahlander, L., Graffin, S. D., & Sim, S. (2016). Reputation and status: Expanding the role of social evaluations in management research. Academy of Management Journal. 59(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2016.4001
Goel, P., & Brar, A. S. (2018). Voters perception towards Branding among Indian politicians. Asian Journal of Management, 9(1), 107-112. https://doi.org/10.5958/2321-5763.2018.00016.1
Guzmán, F., & Sierra, V. (2009). A political candidate's brand image scale: Are political candidates brands?. Journal of Brand Management, 17(3), 207-217. https://doi.org/10.1057/bm.2009.19
Guzmán, F., Paswana A. K. & Steenburg. (2015). Self-referencing and political candidate brands: A congruency perspective. Journal of Political Marketing, 14(1-2), 193-212. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2014.990837
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2009). Análise multivariada de dados. Bookman editora.
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European business review, 31(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Hultman, M., Ulusoy, S., & Oghazi, P. (2019). Drivers and outcomes of political candidate image creation: The role of social media marketing. Psychology & Marketing, 36(12), 1226-1236. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21271
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. (2023). Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra Domiciliar de 2021. https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/pesquisa/pnadca/tabelas
Isaac, M. S., & Grayson, K. (2017). Beyond skepticism: Can accessing persuasion knowledge bolster credibility?. Journal of Consumer Research, 43(6), 895-912. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucw063
Jain, V., & Be, G. (2020). Understanding the magic of credibility for political leaders: A case of India and Narendra Modi. Journal of Political Marketing, 19(1-2), 15-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2019.1652222
Johnson, T. J., & Kaye, B. K. (2016). Some like it lots: The influence of interactivity and reliance on credibility. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 136-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.012
Kaspar, K., Weber, S. L., & Wilbers, A. K. (2019). Personally relevant online advertisements: Effects of demographic targeting on visual attention and brand evaluation. PloS one, 14(2), e0212419. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212419
Kamakura, W., & Mazzon, J. A. (2016). Critérios de estratificação e comparação de classificadores socioeconômicos no Brasil. Revista de administração de empresas, 56, 55-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020160106
Kotler, P. (1975). Overview of political candidate marketing. Advances in consumer Research, 2(1) 761-769.
Kumar, A., & Dhamija, S. (2017). Political leaders & parties as brands: A theoretical perspective. Parikalpana: KIIT Journal of Management, 13(1), 75-82. https://doi.org/10.23862/kiit-parikalpana/2017/v13/i1/151276
Laux, F. N., Almeida, S. O. D., & Pereira, R. D. C. D. F. (2005). Marketing de gerações: Construção e teste de escala para avaliação da marca de refrigerante Coca-cola por jovens na fase de transição entre as gerações X e Y. Anais do Encontro Nacional da Associação Nacional de Programas de Pós-Graduação em Administração. Brasília, DF, Brasil, 29.
Lee, I. C., Chen, E. E., Tsai, C. H., Yen, N. S., Chen, A. L., & Lin, W. C. (2016). Voting intention and choices: Are voters always rational and deliberative?. PloS one, 11(2), e0148643. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148643
Martins, J. P., Sá, J. D. S., & Mota, R. L. (2017). O efeito da recuperação judicial no comportamento do consumidor. Anais do Encontro Nacional da Associação Nacional de Programas de Pós-Graduação em Administração. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
Maymand, M. & Razmi, R. (2017). On the effect of the congruence between the brand image and brand personality on the consumers' brand preference and purchase intent: A case study of Aquafina Bottled Water. International Journal of Economic Perspectives. 11(1), 1369-1383.
Muniz, K. M., & Marchetti, R. (2005). Dimensões da personalidade de marca: análise da adequação da escala de Aaker (1997) ao contexto brasileiro. Anais do Encontro Nacional da Associação Nacional de Programas de Pós-Graduação em Administração. Brasília, DF, 29.
Newman, B. I., & Sheth, J. N. (1985). A model of primary voter behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 12(2), 178-187. https://doi.org/10.1086/208506
Nielsen, S. W. (2017). On political brands: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Political Marketing, 16(2), 118-146. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2014.959694
Oladepo, O. I., & Abimbola, O. S. (2015). The influence of brand image and promotional mix on consumer buying decision-a study of beverage consumers in Lagos State, Nigeria. British Journal of Marketing Studies, 3(4), 97-109.
Oliveira, M. & Almeida, C. M. (2018). O Impacto das mídias sociais na intenção do voto do eleitor. Anais do Encontro Nacional da Associação Nacional de Programas de Pós-Graduação em Administração. Curitiba, PR, Brasil.
Page, J. T., & Duffy, M. E. (2018). What does credibility look like? Tweets and walls in US presidential candidates’ visual storytelling. Journal of Political Marketing, 17(1), 3-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2016.1171819
Pasquali, S. K., Alexander, K. P., Coombs, L. P., Lytle, B. L., & Peterson, E. D. (2003). Effect of cardiac rehabilitation on functional outcomes after coronary revascularization. American Heart Journal, 145(3), 445-451. https://doi.org/10.1067/mhj.2003.172
Pedeliento, G. & Kavaratzis, M. (2019). Bridging the gap between culture, identity and image: A structurationist conceptualization of place brands and place branding. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 28(3), 348-363. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-01-2018-1735
Pich, C., Armannsdottir, G., & Spry, L. (2018). Investigating political brand reputation with qualitative projective techniques from the perspective of young adults. International Journal of Market Research, 60(2), 198-213. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470785317750817
Pressgrove, G., & Kim, C. (2018). Stewardship, credibility and political communications: A content analysis of the 2016 election. Public Relations Review, 44(2), 247-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2018.01.003
Rachmat, M. (2014). The impact of political brand trust on voting intention: Evidence from 2013 North Maluku governor election. IUP Journal of Brand Management, 11(2), 55-70. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2348641
Rutter, R. N., Hanretty, C., & Lettice, F. (2018). Political brands: can parties be distinguished by their online brand personality?. Journal of Political Marketing, 17(3), 193-212. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2015.1022631
Scammell, M. (2015). Politics and image: The conceptual value of branding. Journal of Political Marketing, 14(1-2), 7-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2014.990829
Sengupta, A. S., Balaji, M. S., & Krishnan, B. C. (2015). How customers cope with service failure? A study of brand reputation and customer satisfaction. Journal of Business Research, 68(3), 665-674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.08.005
Simons, G. (2019). Putin’s international political image. Journal of Political Marketing, 18(4), 307-329. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2019.1678904
Sihite, J., Assauri, S., & Halim, R. E. (2018). Brand promise and reputation against the campaign of a political party. European Research Studies Journal, 21 (3), 227-240.
Silva, J. C. da, Xavier, W. G., Gambirage, C., & Camilo, S. P. O. (2018). The Influence of Political Connections on the Cost of Capital and the Performance of Companies Listed on B3. Brazilian Business Review, 15(4), 317–330. https://doi.org/10.15728/bbr.2018.15.4.1
Shockley-Zalabak, P. S., Morreale, S. P., & Stavrositu, C. (2019). Voters’ perceptions of trust in 2016 presidential candidates, Clinton and Trump: Exploring the election’s outcome. American Behavioral Scientist, 63(7), 856-887. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764217730855
Steenburg, E. V, & Guzmán, F. (2019). The influence of political candidate brands during the 2012 and 2016 US presidential elections. European Journal of Marketing, 53(12), 2629-2656. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJM-06-2018-0399
Su, L., Swanson, S. R., Chinchanachokchai, S., Hsu, M. K., & Chen, X. (2016). Reputation and intentions: The role of satisfaction, identification, and commitment. Journal of Business Research, 69(9), 3261-3269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.02.023
Schultz, M. (2017). Corporate reputation from within. Corporate Reputation Review, 20(3-4), 171-172. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41299-017-0037-0
Smith, G., & French, A. (2009). The political brand: A consumer perspective. Marketing theory, 9(2), 209-226. https://doi.org/10.1177/147059310910306
Sweetser, K. D., & Browning, N. (2017). Credibility or credulity? Examining political organization-public relationships in an election of interloping candidates. Journal of Public Relations Research, 29(5), 200-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2017.1388240
Veloutsou, C. (2015). Brand evaluation, satisfaction and trust as predictors of brand loyalty: The mediator-moderator effect of brand relationships. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 32(6), 405-421. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-02-2014-0878
Verčič, A. T., Verčič, D., & Žnidar, K. (2016). Exploring academic reputation–is it a multidimensional construct?. Corporate Communications: An International Journal. 21(2), 160-176. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCIJ-01-2015-0003
Williams, C. B. (2017). Introduction: Social media, political marketing and the 2016 U.S. election. Journal of Political Marketing, 16(3-4), 207–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2017.1345828
Zuydam, S. V, & Hendriks, F. (2018). Credibility enacted: Understanding the meaning of credible political leadership in the Dutch parliamentary election campaign of 2010. Journal of Political Marketing, 17(3), 258-281. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377857.2015.1039747
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 ReMark - Revista Brasileira de Marketing
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.