Compensando o tempo perdido: análise da intenção de comprar por vingança no cenário pós-pandemia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5585/remark.v22i3.21129Palabras clave:
Medo da COVID-19, Controle comportamental percebido, Solidão, Compra por vingança, Pós-pandemiaResumen
Objetivo - Dada a incipiência teórica da compra por vingança, esta pesquisa busca contribuir para sua literatura construindo um modelo teórico-explicativo baseado na teoria da reatância. Nosso objetivo é analisar as relações entre o medo da COVID-19, o controle comportamental percebido, a solidão e a intenção de comprar por vingança.
Design/metodologia/abordagem - Os dados foram coletados de 781 participantes válidos por meio de uma survey on-line, e analisados por meio da técnica de modelagem de equações estruturais.
Resultados - Os principais resultados indicam que o medo da COVID-19 é o fator mais forte para explicar a intenção de comprar por vingança no cenário pós-pandemia. De forma contraintuitiva, identifica-se que o controle comportamental percebido e a solidão não são fatores explicativos. Provavelmente, a restauração do controle comportamental ocorre por meio de outros mecanismos, como as compras on-line. Além disso, altos níveis de solidão podem induzir os indivíduos a procurarem eventos sociais e viagens como estratégia compensatória.
Originalidade/valor - Este estudo está entre os primeiros a analisar os antecedentes da intenção de comprar por vingança. Além disso, agrega valor à literatura ao examinar pela primeira vez a inter-relação do medo da COVID-19, do controle comportamental percebido, da solidão e da intenção de comprar por vingança.
Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas - Este estudo traz uma nova perspectiva para as bases teóricas da compra por vingança. Além disso, dado o estágio inicial da literatura sobre o tema, ele é valioso, pois contribui para a consolidação teórica do construto.
Descargas
Citas
Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2022). The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(3), 1537–1545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), 665-683. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00236.x
Ajzen, I., & Cote, N. G. (2008). Attitudes and the prediction of behavior. In W. D. Crano & R. Prislin (Eds.), Attitudes and attitude change (pp. 289-311). Psychology Press, New York.
Ajzen, I. (2015). Consumer attitudes and behavior: The theory of planned behavior applied to food consumption decisions. Rivista di Economia Agraria, LXX(2), 121-138. https://doi.org/10.13128/REA-18003
Arbuckle, J. L. (1997). Amos user's guide version 3.6. SmallWaters Corporation, Chicago.
Amarnath, D. D., & Jaidev, U. P. (2021). Toward an integrated model of consumer reactance: A literature analysis. Management Review Quarterly, 71(1), 41–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-020-00180-y
Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behavior: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 471–499. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466601164939
Asmundson, G. J. G., Paluszek, M. M., Landry, C. A., Rachor, G. S., McKay, D., & Taylor, S. (2020). Do pre-existing anxiety-related and mood disorders differentially impact COVID-19 stress responses and coping? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102271
Banerjee, D., Vaishnav, M., Rao, T. S., Raju, M. S. V. K., Dalal, P. K., Javed, A., ... & Jagiwala, M. P. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychosocial health and well-being in South-Asian (World Psychiatric Association zone 16) countries: A systematic and advocacy review from the Indian Psychiatric Society. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 62(3), S343-S353. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_1002_20
Bigne, E., Ruiz, C., & Sanz, S. (2005). The impact of internet user shopping patterns and demographics on consumer mobile buying behaviour. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 6(3), 193-209.
Blakey, S. M., Reuman, L., Jacoby, R. J., & Abramowitz, J. S. (2015). Tracing “fearbola”: Psychological predictors of anxious responding to the threat of Ebola. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 39, 816–825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-015-9701-9
Brehm, J. W. (1966). A theory of psychological reactance. Academic, New York.
Brehm, J. W. (1989). Psychological reactance: Theory and applications. Advances in Consumer Research, 16, 72–75.
Bu, F., Steptoe, A., & Fancourt, D. (2020). Who is lonely in lockdown? Cross-cohort analyses of predictors of loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health, 186, 31-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2020.06.036
Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, New York.
Budenz, A., & Chou, W. Y. S. (2021). Mental health and health behavior during COVID-19: Multi-level strategies to enhance perceived control. Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria, 70(1), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1590/0047-2085000000314
Campos, P. O., & Costa, M. F. (2021). Regulatory focus and construal level theory on low-income consumer indebtedness: Evidence from an emerging market. International Journal of Emerging Markets, ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-08-2020-0870
Campos, P. O., Mélo, L. B., Souza, J. C. V., Santana, P. N., Matte, J., & Costa, M. F. (2022). Consumer fear and healthy eating during COVID-19 pandemic. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 40(2), 227–241. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-04-2021-0125
Chaudhary, H. (2020). Analyzing the paradigm shift of consumer behavior towards e-commerce during pandemic lockdown. SSRN Electronic Journal, 9(5), 7352–7363. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3664668
Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling Techniques (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159.
Cozby, P. C. (2003). Métodos de pesquisa em ciências do comportamento. Editora Atlas S.A, São Paulo.
Dahlberg, L. (2021). Loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aging & Mental Health, 25(7), 1161–1164. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.1875195
Dahlberg, L., & McKee, K. J. (2014). Correlates of social and emotional loneliness in older people: Evidence from an English community study. Aging & Mental Health, 18(4), 504-514. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2013.856863
Darshan, S., & Krishnegowda, Y. T. (2020). The collision of pandemic covid-19 on luxury market in India. Dogo Rangsang Research Journal, 10(7), 104–111.
Dickins, T. E., & Schalz, S. (2020). Food shopping under risk and uncertainty. Learning and Motivation, 72, 101681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2020.101681
Dimoff, J. D., Dao, A. N., Mitchell, J., & Olson, A. (2021). Live free and die: Expanding the terror management health model for pandemics to account for psychological reactance. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 15(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12585
Droit-Volet, S., Gil, S., Martinelli, N., Andant, N., Clinchamps, M., Parreira, L., ... & Dutheil, F. (2020). Time and covid-19 stress in the lockdown situation: Time free, dying of boredom and sadness. PloS One, 15(8), e0236465. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236465
Dymecka, J., Gerymski, R., & Machnik-Czerwik, A. (2022). How does stress affect life satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic? Moderated mediation analysis of sense of coherence and fear of coronavirus. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 27(1), 280–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2021.1906436
Dymond, S., Dunsmoor, J. E., Vervliet, B., Roche, B., & Hermans, D. (2015). Fear generalization in humans: Systematic review and implications for anxiety disorder research. Behavior Therapy, 46(5), 561–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2014.10.001
Entringer, T. M., & Gosling, S. D. (2022). Loneliness during a nationwide lockdown and the moderating effect of extroversion. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 13(3), 769–780. https://doi.org/10.1177/19485506211037871
Fink-Lamotte, J., Widmann, A., Fader, J., & Exner, C. (2020). Interpretation bias and contamination-based obsessive-compulsive symptoms influence emotional intensity related to disgust and fear. PloS One, 15(4), e0232362. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232362
Forbes. (2021). In a post-covid world customers will be revenge shopping. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/blakemorgan/2021/03/22/customers-are-ready-to-back-with-covid-revenge-shopping/?sh=395c079e30ab. Accessed at 29 May 2021
Forbes. (2022). Vendas varejistas crescem bem acima do esperado em fevereiro. Retrieved from https://forbes.com.br/forbes-money/2022/04/vendas-varejistas-crescem-bem-acima-do-esperado-em-fevereiro/. Accessed at 14 October 2022
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Fuller, C.M., Simmering, M.J., Atinc, G., Atinc, Y., & Babin, B.J. (2016). Common methods variance detection in business research. Journal of Business Research, 69(8), 3192-3198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.12.008.
Galoni, C., Carpenter, G. S., & Rao, H. (2020). Disgusted and afraid: Consumer choices under the threat of contagious disease. Journal of Consumer Research, 47(3), 373–392. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucaa025
Garcia, L. P., & Duarte E. (2020). Nonpharmaceutical interventions for tackling the COVID-19 epidemic in Brazil. Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde, 29(2), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742020000200009
Gierveld, J. J., Van Tilburg, T., & Dykstra, P. A. (2006). Loneliness and social isolation. In D. Perlman & A. Vangelisti (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of personal relationships (pp. 485-500). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Gupta, A. S., & Mukherjee, J. (2022). Decoding revenge buying in retail: role of psychological reactance and perceived stress. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 50(11), 1378–1394. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJRDM-01-2022-0022
Hair Jr, J. F., Babin, B., Money, A. H., & Samouel, P. (2005). Fundamentos de métodos de pesquisa em Administração. Bookman, Porto Alegre.
Hair, J., Anderson, R., Taham, R., & Black, W. (2010). Análise multivariada de dados (6th ed.). Bookman, Porto Alegre.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Sage Publications, Los Angeles.
Harman, H.H. (1976). Modern factor analysis. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Hashmi, A. R. (2021). Covid-19 and the level of consumers revenge buying: An explorative perspective of the Albaha region. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 12(2), 159–166. https://doi.org/10.34218/IJARET.12.2.2020.014
Holaday, L. W., Oladele, C. R., Miller, S. M., Dueñas, M. I., Roy, B., & Ross, J. S. (2022). Loneliness, sadness, and feelings of social disconnection in older adults during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 70(2), 329–340. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.17599
Iwaya, G. H., Cardoso, J. G., Souza Júnior, J. H., & Steil, A. V. (2020). Preditores da intenção de permanecer em distanciamento social. Revista de Administração Pública, 54(4), 714-734. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220200177
Kang, G. W., Piao, Z. (Zoey), & Ko, J. Y. (2021). Descriptive or injunctive: How do restaurant customers react to the guidelines of COVID-19 prevention measures? The role of psychological reactance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 95, 102934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.102934
Kang, M., & Johnson, K. K. P. (2011). Retail therapy: Scale development. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, 29(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302X11399424
Kay, A. C., Whitson, J. A., Gaucher, D., & Galinsky, A. D. (2009). Compensatory control: Achieving order through the mind, our institutions, and the heavens. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 264–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.0164
Kawaf, F., Barsha, R., & Zhu, Z. (2021). The light at the end of the COVID-19 tunnel is revenge? Evidence from retailing in China. Proceedings of Colloquium on European Research in Retailing. Retrieved from https://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/35070/7/35070_KAWAF_The_light_at_the_end_of_the_COVID_19.pdf.
Kelly, A. E., & Nauta, M. M. (1997). Reactance and thought suppression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1123–1132. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672972311001
Khatib, A. S. (2021). Food accumulation during the covid-19 pandemic: An analysis in the light of theory of planned behavior (TCP). Id on Line Revista Multidisciplinar e de Psicologia, 15(54), 743-759. https://doi.org/10.14295/idonline.v15i54.2949
Killgore, W. D., Cloonan, S. A., Taylor, E. C., & Dailey, N. S. (2020). Loneliness: A signature mental health concern in the era of COVID-19. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113117
Kline, R. B. (2013). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). The Guilford Press, New York.
Lakshmi, S. (2020). Revenge buying. Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications, 13(15), 204–206. https://doi.org/10.21786/bbrc/13.15/35
Lam, T., & Hsu, C. H. C. (2006). Predicting behavioral intention of choosing a travel destination. Tourism Management, 27(4), 589–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2005.02.003
Lee, J., & Lee, Y. (2019). Does online shopping make consumers feel better? Exploring online retail therapy effects on consumers’ attitudes towards online shopping malls. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 31(2), 464–479. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-06-2018-0210
Li, L., Zhu, B., Jiang, M., Cai, X., Lau, A, K., & Shing, G. (2020). The role of service quality and perceived behavioral control in shared electric bicycle in China: Does residual effects of past behavior matters? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 24518–24530. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08690-8
Lim, W. M. (2021). Toward an agency and reactance theory of crowding: Insights from COVID‐19 and the tourism industry. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1948
Lins, S., & Aquino, S. (2020). Development and initial psychometric properties of a panic buying scale during COVID-19 pandemic. Heliyon, 6(9), e04746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04746
Lins, S., Aquino, S., Costa, A. R., & Koch, R. (2022). From panic to revenge: Compensatory buying behaviors during the pandemic. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 68(4), 921–922. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207640211002557
Lissitsa, S., & Kol, O. (2016). Generation X vs. generation Y – A decade of online shopping. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 31, 304–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.04.015
Maan, S., & Kumar, S. (2020). Exploring demographic differences in online purchase frequency. Mukt Shabd Journal, 9(6), 4845-4855.
Malhotra, M. S. (2021). Empirical scale for revenge buying behaviour: A curious consequence of pandemic. BIMTECH Business Perspective, 3(1), 1–14.
Marôco, J. (2014). Análise de equações estruturais: Fundamentos teóricos, software e aplicações (2ª ed.). Report Number, Perô Pinheiro, Portugal.
Martins, A. M., & Cró, S. (2022). Stock markets’ reaction to COVID-19, US lockdown and waves: The case of fast food and food delivery industry. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(11), 1702–1710. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1975660
Martinelli, E., De Canio, F., & Nardin, G. (2021). Consumers’ channel switching behaviour from off-line to on-line: The role of the fear of Covid-19. In F. J. Martínez-López & J. C. Gázquez-Abad (Eds.), Advances in National Brand and Private Label Marketing (pp. 33–40). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76935-2_5
Matarazzo, M., & Diamantopoulos, A. (2022). Applying reactance theory to study consumer responses to COVID restrictions: a note on model specification. International Marketing Review, ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMR-12-2021-0370
Milaković, I. K. (2021). Purchase experience during the COVID‐19 pandemic and social cognitive theory: The relevance of consumer vulnerability, resilience, and adaptability for purchase satisfaction and repurchase. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 45(6), 1425-1442. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12672
Myers, R. H. (1990). Classical and modern regression with applications. Duxbury press, Belmont.
National Retail Federation. (2021). Economic forecast 2021. Retrieved from https://nrf.com/media-center/press-releases/nrf-forecasts-retail-sales-exceed-433t-2021-vaccine-rollout-expands. Accessed at 29 May 2021
NRF. (2022). Year-Over-year retail sales growth continues. Retrieved from https://nrf.com/media-center/press-releases/year-over-year-retail-sales-growth-continues. Accessed at 17 October 2022
Nicomedes, C. J. C., & Avila, R. M. A. (2020). An analysis on the panic during COVID-19 pandemic through an online form. Journal of Affective Disorders, 276, 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.046
Noh, M., & Hasan, H. M. R. (2017). Moderating effect of personality traits on relationships between retail therapy, compulsive buying, and hoarding for fashion products. Journal of Global Fashion Marketing, 8(3), 180–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/20932685.2017.1313125
Ornell, F., Schuch, J. B., Sordi, A. O., & Kessler, F. H. P. (2020). “Pandemic fear” and COVID-19: Mental health burden and strategies. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry, 42(3), 232–235. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0008
Pakpour, A. H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders, 2(1), 58-63. https://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/39561
Park, I., Lee, J., Lee, D., Lee, C., & Chung, W. Y. (2022). Changes in consumption patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic: Analyzing the revenge spending motivations of different emotional groups. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 65, 102874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102874
Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1981). Toward a social psychology of loneliness. Personal Relationships, 3, 31-56.
Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Lee, J.-. Y., & Podsakoff, N.P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Quick, B. L., Shen, L., Dillard, J. P. (2013). Reactance theory and persuasion. In: J. P. Dillard & L. Shen (eds). The SAGE handbook of persuasion (pp. 167–183). Sage, Los Angeles.
Raykov, T. (1997). Scale reliability, cronbach’s coefficient alpha, and violations of essential tau-equivalence with fixed congeneric components. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 32(4), 329–353. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3204_2
Reiss, S., Franchina, V., Jutzi, C., Willardt, R., & Jonas, E. (2020). From anxiety to action—Experience of threat, emotional states, reactance, and action preferences in the early days of COVID-19 self-isolation in Germany and Austria. PLoS One, 15, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243193
Ringle, C. M., Silva, D., & Bido, D. S. (2014). Modelagem de equações estruturais com utilização do SmartPLS. Revista Brasileira de Marketing, 13(2), 56–73. https://doi.org/10.5585/remark.v13i2.2717
Rodas, J. A., Jara‐Rizzo, M. F., Greene, C. M., Moreta‐Herrera, R., & Oleas, D. (2022). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and psychological distress during lockdown due to COVID‐19. International Journal of Psychology, 57(3), 315–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12818
Rosenberg, B. D., & Siegel, J. T. (2018). A 50-year review of psychological reactance theory: Do not read this article. Motivation Science, 4(4), 281–300. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000091
Rosenberg, B. D., & Siegel, J. T. (2021). Threatening uncertainty and psychological reactance: Are freedom threats always noxious? Current Psychology, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01640-8
Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20–40. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2
Schneider, P. J., & Zielke, S. (2020). Searching offline and buying online – An analysis of showrooming forms and segments. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 52, 101919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.101919
Shen, L., & Coles, V. B. (2015). Fear and psychological reactance: Between-versus within-individuals perspectives. Journal of Psychology, 223(4), 225–235. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000224
Silva, I. M., Lordello, S. R., Schmidt, B., & Mietto, G. S. M. (2020). Brazilian families facing the COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 51(3–4), 324–336. https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.51.3-4.008
Sim, K., Chua, H. C., Vieta, E., & Fernandez, G. (2020). The anatomy of panic buying related to the current COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Research, 288, 113015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113015
Smith, B., Rippé, C. B., & Dubinsky, A. J. (2018). India’s lonely and isolated consumers shopping for an in-store social experience. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 36(7), 722-736. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-12-2017-0338
Simard, J., & Volicer, L. (2020). Loneliness and isolation in long-term care and the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 21(7), 966-967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2020.05.006
Sirgy, M. J., Lee, D. J., & Yu, G. B. (2020). Shopping-life balance: Towards a unifying framework. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 15(1), 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-018-9662-8
Cornish, L. S. (2020). Why did I buy this? Consumers’ post-impulse-consumption experience and its impact on the propensity for future impulse buying behaviour. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 19(1), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1792
Stickley, A., & Koyanagi, A. (2016). Loneliness, common mental disorders and suicidal behavior: Findings from a general population survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 197, 81-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.054
Szymkowiak, A., Gaczek, P., Jeganathan, K., & Kulawik, P. (2020). The impact of emotions on shopping behavior during epidemic. What a business can do to protect customers. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 20, 48–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1853
Tesch-Römer, C., & Huxhold, O. (2019). Social isolation and loneliness in old age. In Oxford research encyclopedias. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.393
Tyrväinen, O., & Karjaluoto, H. (2022). Online grocery shopping before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A meta-analytical review. Telematics and Informatics, 71, 101839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2022.101839
Varga, T. V., Bu, F., Dissing, A. S., Elsenburg, L. K., Bustamante, J. J. H., Matta, J., ... & Rod, N. H. (2021). Loneliness, worries, anxiety, and precautionary behaviours in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal analysis of 200,000 Western and Northern Europeans. The Lancet Regional Health-Europe, 2, 100020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2020.100020
Wang, D., Zhao, J., Ross, B., Ma, Z., Zhang, J., Fan, F., & Liu, X. (2022). Longitudinal trajectories of depression and anxiety among adolescents during COVID-19 lockdown in China. Journal of Affective Disorders, 299, 628–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.086
Watanabe, T., & Omori Y. (2020). Online consumption during the COVID-19 crisis: Evidence from Japan. Central Bank Communication Design, 23, 1-38.
Weiss, R. (1973). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. & London, England.
Witte, K. (1992). Putting the fear back into fear appeals: The extended parallel process model. Communication Monographs, 59, 329–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637759209376276
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2023 ReMark - Revista Brasileira de Marketing
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
